Physiology and Injuries in Sports Flashcards

A complete collection of vocabulary flashcards defining key anatomical, physiological, training, and injury concepts covered across the lecture sources.

Physiology

The study of how the body works, including how cells and organs function.

Exercise Physiology

A specialized field that focuses on how the body reacts and adapts to physical activity, studying both short-term and long-term effects on various body systems.

Comminuted Fracture

A bone fracture in which the bone is broken into many pieces or parts.

Transverse Fracture

A fracture in which the bone gets broken perpendicular to its length.

Oblique Bone Fracture

A fracture in which the bone gets broken at an angle.

Impacted Fracture

A bone fracture where the broken ends of fractured bones enter into another bone.

Dislocation

A joint injury that occurs when the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.

Endurance

The ability to perform cardiovascular exercises like running, aerobic exercise, or swimming for an extended period of time through sustained repeated muscle contraction.

Aerobic Capacity

The functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system (the heart, lungs, and blood vessels) to supply and utilize oxygen during physical activity.

Oxygen Intake

The amount of oxygen that can be taken by the lungs from the atmosphere.

Oxygen Transport

The process by which oxygen absorbed into the blood from the lungs is carried efficiently by the circulatory system to working muscles.

Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Max)

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the body and utilized at maximum exertion.

Lactate Threshold

The exercise intensity at which lactate (lactic acid) starts to accumulate in the bloodstream.

Economy of Movement

How efficiently a physical task is executed using less energy.

Strength

The ability of muscles to overcome resistance, defined as the amount of force a muscle can exert.

Point of Tendon Insertion

The location where a muscle's tendon attaches to a bone, influencing mechanical advantage and the ability to lift weight.

Neural Efficiency

The ability of the brain and nervous system to recruit more motor units and increase how often these units fire to generate force.

Speed

The ability of an individual to perform movement in the minimum possible time.

Mobility of the Nervous System

The process of alternating excitation and inhibition of specific motor centers that allows muscles to contract and relax at maximum speed.

Explosive Strength

The ability to apply maximum force quickly using fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Anaerobic Capacity

The ability of the body to produce energy without the use of oxygen during short bursts of speed.

Biochemical Reserves

Stores of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and CP (Creatine Phosphate) in muscles that provide instant, short-term power for high-speed actions.

Flexibility

The range of movement of joints or the maximum range of motion at a joint that is possible without undue strain.

Muscle

A specialized tissue made up of thousands of muscle fibers that enables the body to move, accounting for nearly $40\%$ of body weight.

Muscle Hypertrophy

The enlargement of muscle cells resulting in an increase in overall muscle mass and size.

Myoglobin

A protein in muscles that stores and transports oxygen to the mitochondria for energy production.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, which provides energy in the form of ATP.

Glycogen Storage

Carbohydrate reserves stored in the muscles and liver that can provide continuous energy for $90$ to $120\text{ minutes}$.

Cardio-Respiratory System

A composite system made up of the cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels, and blood) and respiratory system (trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs).

Systolic Blood Pressure

The arterial pressure created when the heart beats and pumps blood, which should normally be below $120$ but can rise above $200$ during exercise.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The arterial pressure measured when the heart rests between beats, which should be less than $80$.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood ejected per beat from the left ventricle, moving from $50\,ml/beat$ to $70\,ml/beat$ at rest up to $110\,ml/beat$ to $130\,ml/beat$ during exercise.

Cardiac Output

The total volume of blood the heart pumps per minute (stroke volume multiplied by heart rate), which increases from $5\,L/min$ at rest up to $40\,L/min$ during strenuous exercise.

Cardiac Hypertrophy

An increase in heart size and muscular strength of the ventricle walls resulting from long-term regular exercise.