SOC 2070 Test Review

Theories

Modes of explanations that help to understand phenomena and not excuses.

Objectivist theories

Theories focused on the notion that deviance is inherent and can be assessed objectively.

Subjectivist theories

Theories that view deviance as a social construct that arises from labeling.

Anomie

A state of normlessness that can occur when social structures break down, often linked to deviance.

Differential association

A theory positing that deviance is learned through interactions with others.

Symbolic interactionism

A macro theory that focuses on the meanings and interpretations individuals assign to behaviors and interactions.

Techniques of neutralization

Methods used by individuals to rationalize their deviant behavior, including denial of responsibility.

Primary deviance

Initial act of deviance that is often trivial or not seriously labeled.

Secondary deviance

Persistent deviance that arises after a deviant label is internalized.

Labeling theory

A theory that suggests deviance is a result of societal labels placed on individuals.

Conflict theory

An approach that emphasizes the role of power and inequality in the definitions of deviance.

Tertiary deviance

The resistance to stigma and redefining behavior socially as non-deviant.

Egoistic suicide

A type of suicide resulting from a lack of social integration.

Altruistic suicide

A type of suicide motivated by a deep commitment to a group.

Anomic suicide

A type of suicide that happens due to rapid social change and norms collapsing.

Mechanical solidarity

Social cohesion based on shared beliefs and values, common in small, traditional societies.

Organic solidarity

Social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization, common in complex societies.

Master status

A status that dominates all other statuses an individual has, often shaping identity and social interactions.

Hybrid approach

Combines objectivist and subjectivist perspectives on deviance.

Claims-makers

Individuals or groups that advocate for the recognition of social problems.

Salience

The quality of a social issue that makes it relevant or important to the public.

Stigma

An attribute that discredits an individual's social identity, impacting their social relationships.

Biographical information control

Hiding personal history to manage social stigma.

Symbolic information control

Manipulating physical appearances to conceal stigma.

Unintelligibility

The perceived lack of logical coherence in the speech or actions of those with mental illness, leading to stigma.

Bruce Link's modified labeling theory

The belief that mental illness is real and causes suffering, but societal labels exacerbate the issue.

Total institution

An organization that regulates all aspects of a person's life, stripping them of their individual identity.