Unit 8

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43 Terms

1

What is the definition of motivation?

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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2

What are the four major perspectives of motivation?

Instinct/Evolutionary theory, Drive-reduction theory, Arousal theory, Hierarchy of needs (Maslow).

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3

What does the instinct theory suggest about motivation?

The instinct theory views instinct as complex behaviors that are rigidly patterned throughout a species and are unlearned.

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4

What is the primary focus of drive-reduction theory?

It focuses on physiological needs that create an aroused or motivated state, known as drive.

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5

How do hunger and thirst relate to drive reduction theory?

Hunger or thirst create motivation to reduce that drive, leading to eating or drinking.

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6

What does arousal theory emphasize about motivation?

It emphasizes that motivations can go beyond survival, such as curiosity and sensation seeking.

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7

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

It states that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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8

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A pyramid of human needs starting with physiological needs, followed by safety needs, and then psychological/self-actualization needs.

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9

What does self-actualization mean in Maslow's hierarchy?

The need to live up to our fullest and unique potential.

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10

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger motivation?

It plays a major role in hunger by stimulating appetite or suppressing it based on physiological states.

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11

What is glucose and how does it relate to hunger?

Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood that provides energy; low levels of glucose signal hunger.

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12

How does time affect our perception of hunger?

The timing of our last meal can influence feelings of hunger.

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13

What are comfort foods and how do they relate to stress?

Comfort foods are high-calorie foods that people crave during stress, as carbohydrates can boost serotonin for calming effects.

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14

What is the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson?

The sexual response cycle consists of four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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15

What are sex hormones and their primary functions?

Sex hormones direct physical development of males and females and activate sexual behavior.

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16

What is the difference between estrogens and testosterone?

Estrogens are secreted in greater amounts by females, while testosterone is the main male sex hormone that influences male physical characteristics.

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17

Define affiliation need.

The need to belong, which enhances survival chances through social bonds.

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18

What impact does being left out have on individuals?

Being left out can cause both emotional and physical pain, leading to feelings of isolation.

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19

How has social networking changed human communication?

It has transformed how we communicate and interact, often leading to more physical isolation.

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20

What is the definition of stress?

Stress is the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events.

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21

Define stressors.

Stressors are events we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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22

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?

It describes the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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23

What does psychoneuroimmunology study?

It studies the interaction between psychological processes, neural function, and the immune system.

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24

What is positive psychology?

The scientific study of human flourishing, focusing on strengths and virtues for thriving.

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25

What are the three pillars of positive psychology?

The pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life.

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26

What can prolonged stress do to health?

It can impair the immune system and increase vulnerability to illness.

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27

What is the behavior feedback effect?

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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28

What role do facial expressions play in communication?

Facial expressions help convey emotions and aid in non-verbal communication.

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29

What is the facial feedback effect?

The tendency of facial muscles to trigger corresponding feelings.

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30

How do cultural influences shape our eating habits?

Cultural norms dictate preferences, types of food consumed, and cooking styles.

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31

What is the significance of social support for health?

Feeling liked and encouraged by others can reduce stress and improve health outcomes.

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32

What are some situational influences on eating?

Presence of friends, portion sizes, and placement of food items can impact how much we eat.

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33

How does stress affect academic performance?

Stress can enhance focus and motivation in the short term but may hinder performance if prolonged.

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34

What impact does exercise have on mental health?

Regular aerobic exercise improves mood and reduces stress.

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35

What is the difference between internal and external stimuli concerning sexual motivation?

External stimuli are environmental factors affecting sexual arousal, while internal stimuli are psychological responses originating in the brain.

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36

Why is sexual motivation considered different from other drives?

Unlike other drives, sexual motivation isn't essential for survival but plays a significant role in human connection.

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37

What is the role of hormones in sexual behavior?

Hormones regulate the physical development of sexual characteristics and activate sexual behaviors.

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38

How can stress activate the sympathetic nervous system?

Stress prepares the body for fight or flight responses through sympathetic nervous system activation.

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39

What emotions are typically associated with facial expressions?

Fear, anger, happiness, and sadness are commonly identified through facial expressions.

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40

What is the influence of experiences on emotional detection?

Experience can enhance an individual's ability to recognize and interpret emotional cues.

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41

Why is emotional intelligence vital in social interactions?

Emotional intelligence helps navigate social situations and foster better relationships.

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42

What is the relationship between depression and eating behavior?

Stress, tension, or depression may lead to cravings for certain high-calorie foods.

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43

How can mindfulness meditation affect emotional situations?

Mindfulness meditation helps individuals manage emotions and enhances emotional regulation.

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