Unit 8

What is the definition of motivation?

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

What are the four major perspectives of motivation?

Instinct/Evolutionary theory, Drive-reduction theory, Arousal theory, Hierarchy of needs (Maslow).

What does the instinct theory suggest about motivation?

The instinct theory views instinct as complex behaviors that are rigidly patterned throughout a species and are unlearned.

What is the primary focus of drive-reduction theory?

It focuses on physiological needs that create an aroused or motivated state, known as drive.

How do hunger and thirst relate to drive reduction theory?

Hunger or thirst create motivation to reduce that drive, leading to eating or drinking.

What does arousal theory emphasize about motivation?

It emphasizes that motivations can go beyond survival, such as curiosity and sensation seeking.

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

It states that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A pyramid of human needs starting with physiological needs, followed by safety needs, and then psychological/self-actualization needs.

What does self-actualization mean in Maslow's hierarchy?

The need to live up to our fullest and unique potential.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger motivation?

It plays a major role in hunger by stimulating appetite or suppressing it based on physiological states.

What is glucose and how does it relate to hunger?

Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood that provides energy; low levels of glucose signal hunger.

How does time affect our perception of hunger?

The timing of our last meal can influence feelings of hunger.

What are comfort foods and how do they relate to stress?

Comfort foods are high-calorie foods that people crave during stress, as carbohydrates can boost serotonin for calming effects.

What is the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson?

The sexual response cycle consists of four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

What are sex hormones and their primary functions?

Sex hormones direct physical development of males and females and activate sexual behavior.

What is the difference between estrogens and testosterone?

Estrogens are secreted in greater amounts by females, while testosterone is the main male sex hormone that influences male physical characteristics.

Define affiliation need.

The need to belong, which enhances survival chances through social bonds.

What impact does being left out have on individuals?

Being left out can cause both emotional and physical pain, leading to feelings of isolation.

How has social networking changed human communication?

It has transformed how we communicate and interact, often leading to more physical isolation.

What is the definition of stress?

Stress is the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events.

Define stressors.

Stressors are events we appraise as threatening or challenging.

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?

It describes the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

What does psychoneuroimmunology study?

It studies the interaction between psychological processes, neural function, and the immune system.

What is positive psychology?

The scientific study of human flourishing, focusing on strengths and virtues for thriving.

What are the three pillars of positive psychology?

The pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life.

What can prolonged stress do to health?

It can impair the immune system and increase vulnerability to illness.

What is the behavior feedback effect?

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

What role do facial expressions play in communication?

Facial expressions help convey emotions and aid in non-verbal communication.

What is the facial feedback effect?

The tendency of facial muscles to trigger corresponding feelings.

How do cultural influences shape our eating habits?

Cultural norms dictate preferences, types of food consumed, and cooking styles.

What is the significance of social support for health?

Feeling liked and encouraged by others can reduce stress and improve health outcomes.

What are some situational influences on eating?

Presence of friends, portion sizes, and placement of food items can impact how much we eat.

How does stress affect academic performance?

Stress can enhance focus and motivation in the short term but may hinder performance if prolonged.

What impact does exercise have on mental health?

Regular aerobic exercise improves mood and reduces stress.

What is the difference between internal and external stimuli concerning sexual motivation?

External stimuli are environmental factors affecting sexual arousal, while internal stimuli are psychological responses originating in the brain.

Why is sexual motivation considered different from other drives?

Unlike other drives, sexual motivation isn't essential for survival but plays a significant role in human connection.

What is the role of hormones in sexual behavior?

Hormones regulate the physical development of sexual characteristics and activate sexual behaviors.

How can stress activate the sympathetic nervous system?

Stress prepares the body for fight or flight responses through sympathetic nervous system activation.

What emotions are typically associated with facial expressions?

Fear, anger, happiness, and sadness are commonly identified through facial expressions.

What is the influence of experiences on emotional detection?

Experience can enhance an individual's ability to recognize and interpret emotional cues.

Why is emotional intelligence vital in social interactions?

Emotional intelligence helps navigate social situations and foster better relationships.

What is the relationship between depression and eating behavior?

Stress, tension, or depression may lead to cravings for certain high-calorie foods.

How can mindfulness meditation affect emotional situations?

Mindfulness meditation helps individuals manage emotions and enhances emotional regulation.