Pathology Specimens – Vocabulary Review

Flashcards cover gross and microscopic pathology terms and diagnoses mentioned in the lecture notes.

Brown atrophy of heart

Age-related accumulation of lipofuscin causing brown discoloration and thinning of ventricular wall.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Nodular hyperplasia of prostatic glands and stroma producing enlarged, firm prostate and urinary obstruction.

Corpora amylacea

Pink, round, laminated concretions commonly found in lumina of prostatic glands in BPH.

Urinary-bladder hypertrophy

Trabeculated thick muscle wall of bladder secondary to outflow obstruction, classically from BPH.

Barrett esophagus

Intestinal-type columnar metaplasia replacing distal esophageal squamous epithelium due to chronic reflux.

Fatty liver (hepatic steatosis)

Hepatocytic accumulation of triglycerides giving enlarged yellow, greasy liver.

Coagulative necrosis

Type of necrosis with preserved architecture and eosinophilic ‘ghost’ cells; typical of renal infarction.

Renal infarction

Wedge-shaped pale area of coagulative necrosis bordered by hyperemia in kidney.

Liquefactive necrosis

Enzymatic digestion converting tissue into liquid mass, characteristic of cerebral infarction.

Cerebral infarction

Liquefactive necrosis forming cystic cavity surrounded by edema and hyperemia in brain.

Caseous necrosis

Cheese-like, friable granulomatous necrosis seen in tuberculosis of kidney or lung.

Dry gangrene

Mummified black tissue with clear demarcation caused by ischemia (e.g., senile toe).

Wet gangrene

Swollen, foul-smelling necrotic tissue infected by bacteria, lacking line of separation (diabetic foot).

Gas gangrene

Necrotic tissue containing gas bubbles produced by Clostridium species; forms empty cavities.

Volvulus

Twisting of intestine causing obstruction, ischemia, and moist gangrene.

Intussusception

Telescoping of one bowel segment into another, producing swollen dark inner segment and pale outer segment.

Pseudomembranous colitis

Colonic inflammation with yellow plaques due to Clostridioides difficile toxin.

Acute suppurative appendicitis

Neutrophilic infiltration with purulent exudate filling appendix lumen and serosa.

Chronic cholecystitis

Thick-walled gallbladder with Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses and lymphocytic infiltration; often with stones.

Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses

Outpouchings of gallbladder mucosa into muscular wall seen in chronic cholecystitis.

Chronic peptic gastric ulcer

Punched-out, indurated gastric ulcer with clean base and hyperemic margins.

Tuberculous bronchopneumonia

Caseating consolidation and cavitation of lung caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Miliary tuberculosis

Numerous tiny caseating tubercles 1–4 mm in multiple organs (lung, spleen).

Tuberculous lymphadenitis

Granulomas with central caseation, epithelioid cells and Langhans giant cells in lymph node.

Epithelioid cell

Activated macrophage with elongated nucleus found in granulomatous inflammation.

Langhans giant cell

Multinucleated giant cell with peripheral nuclear arrangement typical of TB granulomas.

Chronic venous congestion (nutmeg liver)

Centrilobular congestion alternating with fatty change giving mottled appearance of liver.

Beetroot kidney

Dark red-brown congested kidney due to chronic passive venous congestion.

Thrombus (recent)

Blood clot with alternating platelet-fibrin and RBC layers (lines of Zahn) formed in flowing blood.

Lines of Zahn

Alternating pale fibrin-platelet and dark RBC layers indicating antemortem thrombus formation.

Ball thrombus

Free-floating spherical thrombus within a heart chamber, commonly left atrium.

Hemorrhagic (red) infarct

Blood-rich wedge-shaped necrosis in tissues with dual circulation like lung.

Pale (white) infarct

Anemic, firm depressed scar in solid organs (kidney, spleen) following arterial occlusion.

Cerebral hemorrhage

Localized extravasation of blood into brain parenchyma and ventricles.

Adrenal hemorrhage

Extensive bleeding into adrenal gland leaving peripheral gray rim of surviving cortex.

Thyroid adenoma

Benign encapsulated follicular tumor forming solitary thyroid nodule.

Mucinous cystadenoma (ovary)

Large unilocular cystic ovarian tumor filled with gelatinous mucin.

Lipoma

Benign tumor of mature adipocytes with thin fibrous capsule and lobulated yellow cut surface.

Fibroma

Benign tumor composed of spindle fibroblasts and collagen producing firm encapsulated mass.

Fibroadenoma

Well-circumscribed benign breast tumor of glands and fibrous stroma; mobile ‘breast mouse.’

Fungating carcinoma (colon)

Large exophytic ulcerated malignant tumor projecting into bowel lumen and causing obstruction.

Adenocarcinoma of colon

Malignant gland-forming tumor with pleomorphic hyperchromatic cells, mitoses, and desmoplastic stroma.

Desmoplastic stroma

Dense fibrous reaction surrounding invasive carcinoma nests.

Linitis plastica

Diffuse infiltrative gastric carcinoma thickening wall into rigid ‘leather-bottle’ stomach.

Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

Malignant squamous tumor with keratin pearls, intercellular bridges, and desmoplastic stroma.

Metastasis to liver

Multiple firm gray-white nodules (often umbilicated) in liver representing secondary tumors.

Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

Ovarian germ-cell tumor containing skin, hair, sebaceous glands, cartilage, and other mature tissues.

Hepatoblastoma

Malignant embryonal liver tumor of childhood, often with cartilage, hemorrhage, and necrosis.

Neuroblastoma

Malignant tumor of adrenal medulla or sympathetic chain in children; soft hemorrhagic mass.

Medulloblastoma

Highly malignant primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising in cerebellar vermis of children.

Retinoblastoma

Malignant retinal tumor of infancy invading optic nerve; associated with RB1 gene mutation.

Cavernous hemangioma

Benign hamartomatous vascular lesion with large blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium.

Pulmonary hamartoma

Benign lung lesion containing cartilage, fat, fibrous tissue, and cleft-lined epithelium.