APush period 6 key concepts

How were new MARKETS opened in North America post Civil War?

Gov subsidies for transportation and communication helped open new markets, growth of farms, cities, & lumber industry.

Govt gave $ & LAND for construction of rail roads.

Telegraph lines often linked with rail roads

How did businesses INCREASE the PRODUCTION of goods?

Technological advances:

Taylorism (Frederick Taylor focused on improving efficiency through TIMED, specific tasks for workers. Bad for workers).

Greater access to natural resources (lumber).

REDESIGNED financial & management structures (Monopolies… businesses sought to have complete control over an industry).

MARKETING advances (Sears mail order catalog). Growing LABOR FORCE

What was the impact of 2nd (POST Civil War) Industrial Revolution?

Price of goods DECREASED and workers' wages INCEASED. New goods/services emerged: sewing machines, household items. Americans' living standards INCREASED

However a GAP grew btwn rich & poor (esp during the *Gilded Age)

How did business leaders try to increase profits?

Trusts (like monopolies), Holding companies: One company owns stock in several other countries, so they basically control them.

Where did businesses and policymakers look outside of the US for markets & resources?

Pacific Rim: Hawaii (calls for annexation in the 1890s for their SUGAR).

Asia: (Philippines), 1899 Open Door Policy in China where the US sought to trade freely w/ China.

Latin America: "Big Brother" policy, opened up MARKETS to the US

Why did some people want the govt to take a hands off approach economically?

Competition and laissez-faire policies promoted economic growth.

Led to it becoming the dominant economic philosophy: LITTLE govt regulation of industries

How did the industrial workforce expand?

Migration: farmers moved to cities."New" Immigrants (Southern and Eastern Europe). China.

Child labor also increased.

Labor vs. Management

Battles over WAGES and WORKING CONDITIONS.

Local/national Labor unions formed to confront businesses.

Knights of Labor… skilled & UNskilled workers, women, African Americans.

Downfall: Haymarket Riot 1886

AFL -- Samuel Gompers, skilled workers, bread and butter issues

"New South"

Called for by leaders for increased Southern industrialization. Textile factories began to appear in the South (but south was still mostly rural until the 1950s).

Sharecropping and tenant farming remained. African Americans were share croppers throughout 1800s into 1900s

What led to agricultural overproduction?

Improvements in mechanization. Mechanized tractors, reapers, etc. led to faster cultivation of crops. Grain elevators allowed for crops to be stored easier.

Increased production led to a DECREASE in food worth (supply and demand)

How did farmers respond to the consolidation in businesses/railroads & their dependence on the railroad system?

Created local & regional organizations:

The Grange 60 to70s: sought to bring farmers together to share techniques. Granger laws: state laws that regulated the RR.

The Farmers Alliance 70-90s

The People's (Populist) Party (1890-1896)

Wanted a STRONGER govt role in the economic system.

Formed because: Growth of CORPORATE power (RRs), economic instability (panics of 1873 & 1893)

GOALS: Graduated income tax; inflation; "free silver", direct elections, govt owned RRs.

Migration to cities

Cities saw tremendous growth.

New Immigrants: 1860 to 1890.

African Americans moving out of South to escape sharecropping.

Why did migrants move to cities?

Escape POVERTY.

Religious persecution (Jews in Russia fled to US).

Social mobility, "rags to riches" (Horatio Alger stories)

Emergence of new URBAN neighborhoods

Based on class, ethnicity, & race.

Little Italy, Chinatown.

Provided new cultural opportunities

What DEBATES over assimilation happened over the rise of international migration?

Rise of NATIVISM.

APA (American Protective Association)… wanted to limit immigrants, prevent Catholics from office (CONNECTION: Know Nothing Party 1840s to 50s)

Political Machines

THRIVED… due to the urban atmosphere where access to power was unequally distributed.

Provided jobs & services for constituents (voters), esp IMMIGRANTS & poor.

EX: Tammany Hall

What led to the emergence of a distinctive middle class?

New managerial workers in factories (male & female clerical workers).

CONSUMER culture grew during time period (Baseball, Vaudeville Shows)

What led to the westward growth of the time period?

Transcontinental RR built by Irish & Chinese.

Discovery of mineral resources: mines, Comstock Lode (town made around mining).

Govt policies: Homestead Act, subsidies to RRs

Why did migrants (people already living in US) move to rural and "boomtown" (booming town undergoing rapid growth) areas in the West?

Independence & self sufficiency. "Safety valve" theory.

Opportunities: building RRs, mining, farming, ranching

How did western migration lead to an increase in conflict?

Decimation of buffalo (bison).

Conflict over land w/ Natives and Mexican Americans. (Sand Creek Massacre 1864: US soldiers killed 133 Natives, mostly women & children)

US govt relations with Natives

Violated treaties, used military force (Wounded Knee 1890: 300 Native women & children killed. ENDS conflict w/ Natives out west).

Natives moved to reservations, loss of SOVEREIGNTY

Why did Natives need to preserve their culture?

ASSIMILATION policy: Dawes Act 1887 which sent Native children to boarding schools to speak english. Carlisle School.

Ghost Dance: Ceremony where Natives envisioned the buffalo's return & elimination of whites.

Tried to self sustain themselves economically (farming)

What was one of the cultural/intellectual movements that supported the SOCIAL order of the Gilded Age?

SOCIAL DARWINISM: Survival of the fittest, used by rich businesses to justify their success.

The Gospel of Wealth

Written by Andrew Carnegie, said the wealthy should give back to society (philanthropy).

EXAMPLES: Carnegie gave $ for 100s of libraries throughout the US. Gave away 90% of his wealth by the end of his life.

Vanderbilt University… $1 million dollars from Cornelius Vanderbilt (RR)

What were groups that formed in response to CRITICISM of the US economy/society?

Agrarians: Wanted more govt involvement in economy (POPULISTS), wanted govt ownership of RRs. Example: Coxey's Army 1894, marched to Washington demanding relief during Panic of 1893.

Utopians: Oneida Community, free love.

Socialists: HUMAN WELFARE, society is more than INDIVIDUAL, elimination of CLASS systems.

Social Gospel: PROTESTANT Church movement to improve society

What were the major political parties during the late 19th century and what did they favor?

DEMOCRATS: "Solid South" voted Democratic. Favored LOWERING the tariff. Favored FREE SILVER (WJB Dem "Cross of Gold Speech", Democrats took over a lot of populist beliefs).

REPUBLICANS: North voted mostly Republican (party of Lincoln). Favored RAISING tariffs. Favored GOLD STANDARD.

Reformers argued that greed & self interest corrupted ALL levels of govt (local… political machines. Federal… spoils system, election of senators by state legislators). Pendleton Act ended spoils system 1883.

How did women seek greater equality?

Joining voluntary organizations: Women's Christian Temperance Union, NAWSA (Created in 1890, helped lead to the passage of the 19th Amendment).

Going to college (emergence of many women's colleges).

Promoted social & political reform: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (leading suffragist, advocated interracial marriage).

Settlement Houses: JANE ADDAMS & the HULL HOUSE

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Helped end the (minimal, 13 to 15 amends) political gains for African Americans gained during Reconstruction.

Upheld segregation, "Separate but equal"

African American reformers post reconstruction

Fought for political and social equality in the face of. . . VIOLENCE… Ida B. Wells, journalist, criticized lynching & wanted a federal anti-lynching law

DISCRIMINATION - Booker T. Washington (ACCOMODATIONIST), advocated vocational training for blacks
- WEB DuBois (NAACP)

Scientific "Theories" of race - some argued that African-Americans were inferior to whites using skull measurements

The Gilded Age

1865 to 1900, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age. Greatest division of wealth between rich and poor. Growth of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration.

cheap money

Currency policy supported by farmers. Based on silver and paper currency; better for the borrower; Causes inflation. Also called soft money

hard money

Currency policy supported by bankers and the wealthy. Based on using gold as the main source of currency. Hurt farmers because prevented inflation.

Credit Mobilier

A scandal that involved the railroads and members of the Grant Administration. In this scandal, stockholders gave the railroad company a contract to lay tract an inflated cost. The government then sponsored the construction of the railroad anyways because they needed the railroads. In this the stockholders pocket the difference. This is important because it demonstrated the power and corruption of the railroads.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and overproduction of goods.

Pendleton Act

1883. Reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of competitive exams. Ended the spoils system (patronage).

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The nation's top railroad companies cut labor wages by 10%, leading to a massive strike. Strike ended when President Hayes called in Federal troops to break up the strike.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

trust

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition. Example: Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust.

vertical integration

Practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products. Carnegie's method to control steel industry.

horizontal integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Rockefeller's method to control oil industry.

scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike. Immigrants were the most common strikebreakers.

injunctions

Court orders that prohibit a certain activity. Often used by management against striking workers during the Gilded Age.

yellow dog contract

An agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

the first government attempt to regulate business. (1887) required railroads to charge fair rates and to publish those shipping rates. Weakly enforced.

Knights of Labor

Union 1869 to 1900, led by Terence V. Powderly; open membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African Americans, immigrants. Weakened by Haymarket Riot in 1886.

American Federation of Labor

1886 created. Led by Samuel Gompers; alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Haymarket Riot

1886: A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred. Although anarchists committed the violence, Beginning of the end for the Knights of Labor as the union was blamed for the violence.

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when Carnegie's Pinkertons (private police force) were called in to break up the strike.

Pullman Strike

1894. In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing. Federal troops called in to break up strike.

nativism

A policy of favoring native born individuals over foreign born ones. Belief increased during the 1880s to 1890s because of mass immigration of "New Immigrants" from Southern and Eastern Europe.

dumbbell tenements

Late 1800s. A form of housing developed during the Gilded Age and a time of urbanization. Families packed into the apartments and shared restrooms <these apartments were fire hazards, waste and disease>

Tammany Hall

A political machine within the Democratic Party in New York city during the Gilded Age seeking political control by corruption. Led by Boss Tweed during the 1860s to 1870s.

Hull House

Late 1800s. Jane Addams' pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago designed to help improve the lives of immigrant women in the city.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Morrill Land Act

1862. Law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment... the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Long Drive

1866 to 1880s. Herding of cattle north from Texas to railhead towns in Kansas and Nebraska for shipment east. These were eliminated by the building of barbed wire fences and expansion of railroads.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

Belief that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy. Indirectly supported imperialism.

forced assimilation

Native americans in the late 1800's were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs.

Battle of Little Big Horn

1876, General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Rare victory (but greatest) for Plains Native Americans.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890. US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native Americans. This ended the Plains Indian Wars.

Homestead Act

1862, Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, law dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

A Century of Dishonor

1881 Helen Hunt Jackson book designed to expose the atrocities the United States government committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

The Grange Movement

1867 A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Led to Farmers Alliances then the People's Party (populist movement).

The Farmers' Alliance

1877 to 1890s. Farmer's organization took place from the mid 1870's to the 1890's. Replaced the Grange movement as dominant farmer group. Eventually many members led to the creation of the People's Party (Populists) of the 1890s.

The Populists

1890s (People's Party) They called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph, creating a gradual income tax, and creating a federal subtreasury where farmers would be provided with loans for crops stored in government owned warehouses.

Raise Less Corn, More Hell

Phrased coined by Mary Elizabeth Lease, Populist leader. Showed that farmers need to organize politically and stop overproducing crops which led to decreased prices.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to overspeculation (by railroad companies), causing bank failures. Farmers really hit hard because of deflation. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

1896. Given by WJB. Said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican (and Big Business) proposal to adopt a strict gold standard. WJB and the Populists wanted unlimited "coinage of silver" which would increase inflation.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic/Populist William Jennings Bryan (WJB). McKinley won promoting the gold standard, and industrial growth. WJB promoted more silver in circulation to help farmers. McKinley said WJB too radical (would cause panic) getting many factory workers to vote for him. ("The Belly" vote).

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Legalized Jim Crow Laws.

Jim Crow Laws

Developed in the 1890s to 1960s. Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites in the South post Reconstruction.

poll tax

Tax on voting. Used to discourage African Americans from voting during the Jim Crow era. Declared unconstitutional by 24th Amendment in 1964.

literacy tests

Developed in 1890s (Post Reconstruction) in the South. Method used to deny African Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write. Most illiterate White Southerners did not have to take these tests (Grandfather clause).

Jane Addams

1889/90. Gilded Age. Helped poor women immigrants with Hull House in Chicago. Part of the Social Gospel movement. Considered an early Progressive.