Sports Psych Chapter 9

Two or more people who interact and exert a mutual influence on each other.

What is a group?

1. A collective sense of identity 2. Distinctive roles 3. Structured modes of communication 4. group norms

What are the four characteristics of Groups

a sports team is a special type of group, they have four key characteristics beyond mutual interaction and task interdependence.

What is the difference between a group and team?

1. Collective sense of identity 2. distinctive roles 3. structured modes of communication 4. norms

What are the four key and unique characteristics of a team?

we-ness rather than i-ness

def of collective sense of identity

all members know their job

def of distinctive roles

lines of communication

def of structured modes of communication

social rules that guide members on what to and not to do.

def of norms

Team Maintenance (psychological support and integrative conflict) and regulation of team performance (preparation, execution, evaluation, adjustments)

what are the components of teamwork?

Linear persepctive, cyclical perspective, pendular perspective

What are the theories of group development?

assumes that groups progressively move through stages

What is linear perspective

forming, storming, norming, performing

what are the stages of linear perspective?

familiarization, formation of interpersonal relationships, development of team structure.

what is forming

rebellion, resistance to the leader and to control by the group, interpersonal conflict ("that's my position, not yours)

what is storming

development of solidarity and cooperation; group conflicts resolved

what is norming

channeling of energies for team success.

what is performing

The development of groups is similar to the life cycle-birth, growth, and death. Focus on the death of the group, and as the group develops, it psychologically prepares for its breakup.

what is the cyclical perspective

10 -15 weeks

How long does cyclical perspective last in a team setting?

shifts occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth of development groups. These groups do not progress through stages in a linear fashion. There are five stages of group development.

What is the pendular perspective

1. orientation, 2. differentiation and conflict 3. resolution and cohesion 4. differentiation and conflict 5. termination (has some elements of linear perspective)

What are the five stages of group development?

involve behaviors required or expected of a person occupying a certain position

Group roles

are dictated by the nature and structure of the organization (coach)

formal roles

evolved from the groups dynamic or interactions among group members.

informal roles

role clarity and role acceptance.

What is critical for team success?

exists when a role occupant does not have sufficient ability, motivation, time, or understanding to achieve goal.

role conflict

a level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief. Leaders need to establish positive group norms or standards

what is a group norm

The standard for effort and performance accepted by the team

what is a norm of productivity.

Cohesion and feelings of unity are high.

What is orientation

Teams subdivide into smaller groups and conflicts arise as
players compete for positions.

what is differentiation and conflict

Cohesion increases as group members share common concerns
and feelings

what is resolution and cohesion

Team unity is weakened as some individuals are rewarded
while others are punished.

what is differentiation and conflict (2nd one)

With team success, feelings of cohesion are high. If the season was unsuccessful, then feelings of cohesion are low

what is termination

from how players perceive the interrelationship among group members. Player perceptions and evaluations set team climate

How does team climate develop

Mutual respect and support enhance team climate /exchange of resources between at least two individuals perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient.

What is social support

listening support, emotional support, emotional-challenge support, reality-confirmation support, task-appreciation support, task-challenge support, personal-assistance support.

what are the seven types of social support

you have to be the right person to offer social support

effective social support

1. proximity 2. Distinctiveness 3. fairness 4. greater similarity 5. task interdependence

How to create a effective team climate

closer contact between members promotes team interaction

what is proximity

the more distinctive the group feels, the better the climate

what is distinctiveness

or lack of it can bring a group closer together

what is fairness

=closer climate

what is greater similiarity

Outcome interdependence refers to the fact that all group members benefit (or suffer) from the group's performance.

what is task interdependence

is the phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases

Ringelmann effect

is when individuals within a group or team put forth less than 100% effort due to loss of motivation.

social loafing

Ringelmann effect & then can get away with doing less because they are in a bigger group.

what is a direct cause of social loafing

occurs when a team's score was equal to the least capable member. This can inspire the weak member to increase his or her effort so as not to let his or her teammates down.

Kohler effect

individuals should select and train with a partner who is moderately more capable than them.

how to increase motivation: Kohler effect

One should create task conditions that maximize interdependence between group members to achieve group goals and, in particular, one's indispensability to the group process ( a relay race with other group members who are superior in ability or prior performance)

how to maximize interdependence between group members: Kohler effect

tendency for a group to stick together and remain united when pursing something.

what is group cohesion

the degree to which group members work together to achieve common goals and objectives

what is task cohesion

the interpersonal attractions among group members

social cohesion

questionnaires (e.g. group environmental questionnaire)

how to measure group cohesion

team satisfaction, conformity, injury

what are other factors of cohesion

what is adherence

positive relationship between the social support an individual receives and that person's evaluation of group cohesion

what is social support

Teams higher in cohesion can better resist disruption; teams staying together longer tend to be more cohesive.

what is stability