runestone academy ap csp unit 3

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63 Terms

1

code statement

program code that expresses an action to be carried out

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2

variable

-names a memory location to hold many values in a program -data abstraction (has associated data storage) -stores data in the computer's main memory (RAM) -data is volatile

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3

get block

gets the variable's current value whenever needed in the program

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4

set block

assigns or changes the value of the variable

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5

assignment

sets a variable to a value or mathematical expression

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6

display

displays variable values or values resulting from mathematical operators

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7

expression

values, variables, math operators, and mathematical procedures that returns (evaluates) a single value

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8

evaluation

set order of operations for expression defined by the programming language

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9

operator

-a symbol or function representing a math operation

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10

assignment operator

allows a program to change the value of a variable

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11

relational operators

-used inside "if" statements to compare variables with values or math operators -evaluates to a Boolean value

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12

bitmap (raster)

memory organization or image file format used to store digital images

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13

bit

-binary digit -smallest unit of data -fewer bits does not mean less information

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14

run-length encoding (RLE)

-compression algorithm that represents an image by the length of runs of identical pixels -lossless compression technique -used in bitmap (BMP) images

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15

image compression

-Data compression that reduces the number of bits of transmitted or stored data -Size reduction depends on the number of bits/pixels, number of diff. colors in the image, amount of redundancy in the original data representation, and the application of the compression algorithm

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16

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

-code for representing English characters as numbers -each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.

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17

lossless compression

-Data compression technique in which no data is lost i.e. RLE -Used in BMP images -Used when the quality/ability to reconstruct the image is important

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18

lossy compression

-Data compression technique in which some data is lost i.e. JPEG -Greater size reduction than lossless compression -Used when minimization of data size/transmission time is important

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19

pixel (picture element)

single point in a graphic image

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20

data type

The type of data stored in a variable i.e. string, boolean, or list.

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21

analog data

values that change smoothly, rather than in discrete intervals, over time (i.e. pitch and volume of music, colors of a painting, position of a runner)

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22

samples

-values of the analog signal at regular intervals -measured to determine the number of bits required to store each sample

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23

refactoring

-process of restructuring program code without changing its behavior -simplifies design, making it easier to read & maintain

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24

procedural abstraction

-Organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can be called by name -Makes program smaller, easier to read, and allows for code reuse -Form of refactoring -Allows programmers to change the internals of the procedure without needing to notify users of the change

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25

program documentation

-Written description of the function of a code segment, event, procedure, or program and how it was developed -Helps in developing and maintaining correct programs

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26

comment

-Non-executable block of text added to a program to provide clarification and documentation of the code -Can acknowledge code segments created collaboratively, by someone else, or by another source

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27

bug

-error in computer hardware or software -coined by Grace Hopper.

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28

debugging

process of removing errors from computer software/hardware

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29

tracing

stepping through the program line by line and carefully recording what happens to spot the error

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30

modularity

separation of a program into independent modules that are each responsible for one aspect of the program's functionality.

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31

flipped bit

bit that switches from 1 to 0 or vice versa

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32

parity

evenness or oddness of a number

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33

parity bit (redundant bit)

-bit that acts on a set of binary values -added to the leftmost bit of a string of bits to ensure the number of bits are even or odd

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34

even parity

number of 1s in the sequence add up to an even number

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35

odd parity

number of 1s in the sequence add up to an odd number

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36

list (array)

-stores multiple terms (elements) under one variable name and uses an index to number and access them in memory -data abstraction (abstract data type)

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37

element

individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

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38

index

number or position of an element in a list from 1 to the length of the list (natural numbers)

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39

string

Sequence of characters that can stored in variable or text

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40

substring

a string that is part of a longer string

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41

concatenation

putting 2 strings together to make a new string

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42

abstract data type (ADT)

defines a general data type that describes a collection of data without worrying about the specific implementation (i.e. list)

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43

Application Programming Interface (API)

-Defines how other programs/web services can use it and communicate with it -Specifies how procedures in a library behave and can be used

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44

Global Positioning System (GPS)

allows people to pinpoint their geolocation (geographic location) on Earth using satellites.

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45

database

-stores persistent data in the computer's long-term storage (i.e. TinyDB, Firebase)

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46

volatile storage

stored data that is destroyed when exited

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47

tag/value pairs

-stores data -tag has to be a string -value can be a number, string, or list that is stored & retrieved by their tag

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48

data abstraction

-Separates the abstract properties of a data type and the concrete details of its representation -Manages complexity by giving a collection of data a name without referencing its specific details

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49

algorithm

a step-by-step procedure for solving a particular problem.

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50

cloud computing

shares resources online on the Internet rather than having data be located on a personal computer

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51

digital

-system based on discontinuous data or events -computers are digital machines because they can distinguish between only 0's and 1's at the basic level

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52

digital signal processing

manipulation of analog info

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53

download

process of copying data (entire file) from an online source to a personal computer

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54

megabyte

-unit of data characterization -roughly 1 million bytes (2<sup)

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55

megapixel

-one million pixels -used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device

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56

model

representation of a photograph in bits

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57

modeling

-process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations -process of capturing the representation of a photograph in bits -always omits information

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58

optical character recognition (OCR)

process of reading text from paper & translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate

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59

rendering

-transferring of bits representing a digital photograph to a computer screen or printer -process of adding realism to computer graphics by adding 3D qualities i.e. shadows, variations in color & shade

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60

spam

electronic junk mail/junk newsgroup postings

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61

steganography

the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages.

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62

cryptography

-"secret writing" -protects information by transforming it into an unreadable format.

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63

metadata

-Data about data -Used for finding, organizing, and managing information -Increases the effective use of data or data sets by providing additional information -Allows data to be structured and organized

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