AP Euro 2nd Semester Final

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

1st Industrial Revolution

A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology; based in Britain

2nd Industrial Revolution

industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States.

Factory System

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Great Exhibition of 1851

In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace; exhibits showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world.

Protective Tariffs

Tax on foreign goods to protect local industries and producers

Trade Unions

labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Chartism

A Political reform movement, that favored universal man sufferage and secret ballots

Factory Act

Limited children's and adolescents work hours in textile factories in England (1833)

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor who invented the steam engine

James Hargreaves

inventor of the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

English inventor who invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Karl Marx

Father of Communism

Edwin Chadwick

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.

Robert Owen

utopian socialist who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland; contributed to trade union ideals

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of Austria, France, Britain, Russia, and Prussia monarchs called; reestablished the old order after the Napoleonic War

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of existing order and opposing radical changes.

Karlsbad Decrees

designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, placed restrictions on freedom of speech and press in order to reduce liberal opposition

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or group

Realpolitik

Conservative ruler that was open to liberal actions in order to maintain power and reinforce the old order

Klemens von Metternich

Austria's conservative foreign minister who wanted a balance of power, led the Congress of Vienna

Otto von Bismarck

German realpolitik statesman who helped lead Germany unification

Camilo Cavour

Italian leader who used other revolutionary and international conflicts to help unify Italy ("the brain")

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot who liberated Sicily and Naples, which led to the unification of Italy ("the sword")

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

White Man's Burden

Belief that Europeans had the responsibility to "enlighten" and oversee the progress of other non European people

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by Indian soldiers working for the British

Sphere of Influence

Regions in China in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Boxer Rebellion

Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

King Leopold II

King of Belgium encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous for his brutal treatment of natives in the Congo colony

The Balkans

the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

The Schlieffen Plan

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts by first attackin to the west and then to the east

Total War

the mobilization of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

Conscription

A military draft

Rationing

Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military

Propaganda

Government Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and placed harsh reparations and created the demilitarized Rhine zone

War Guilt Clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany was forced to acknowledge that it alone was responsible for WWI

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war.

Mandate

an official order or commission to do something.

Self Determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

Bolshevik Revolution

Civil War that marked the overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the internal conflicts in the White Army

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work; similar to total war

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau

French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France at the Paris Peace Conference.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia

Lenin

Russian founder and leader of the Bolsheviks

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Blackshirts

Mussolini's followers, physically attacked political opponents in the streets and drove election officials from office

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian and antisemitic ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

5 Year Plans

Stalin set impossibly high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, the government limited production of consumer goods. As a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods.

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

The Great Purge

A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

The Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Wannsee Conference

A meeting in which the "Final solution" and use of concentration camps were decided in 1942

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

Winston Chruchill

war time Prime Minister of Great Britain, decided against the policy of appeasement

Franklin Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Harry Truman

US President who gave the order to drop the atomic bomb and created the Truman Doctrines

Cold War

the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II fought through proxy wars, arms race, etc.

Satellite

Eastern European Countries controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Truman Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

COMECON

(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) an organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries and Russia

Cuban Missile Crisis

crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Destalinization

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Prague Spring

Rebellion attempting liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Detente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between Russia and the US after the Cold War.

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader that started the process of destalinization

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader after Khrushchev

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

agreement among some European states to integrate their coal and steel economic sectors

Common Market

a group of countries that have eliminated tariffs and harmonized trading rules to facilitate the free flow of goods among the member nations

The Maastricht Treaty

Founding treaty of the European Union

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union

The Welfare State

a state that assumes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens

Second Wave Feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s that demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

Birth Control Pill

became widely available and gave people more freedom in their sexual behavior.