A&P Test 1

What is physiology?

The study of structures at the cellular level

What are the 7 characteristics of life? (CLRRGMH)

Cells, homeostasis, levels of organization, responsiveness, growth and repair, reproduction, metabolism

What is the order of levels of organization from simple to complex?

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

sexual and asexual

What is metabolism?

process in obtaining, breaking down, using, and building materials/energy in the body

What is absorption?

The process by which materials broken down from food are absorbed into the bloodstream

What is assimilation?

Taking materials delivered from the bloodstream, breaking them down, and using them to make what the body needs

After amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream, how do they reach cells throughout the body?

circulation

What are the 5 maintenance-of-life requirements?

Water, nutrients, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Why is water necesary for maintaining life?

it transports things, helps regulate temperature, makes up most of the cytoplasm

What is the role of nutrients in maintaining life?

provide raw material for chemical processes and energy

What is heat’s role in the body?

maintains body temp and controls speed of chemical reactions

What divided the interior of the body into regions?

body wall

What are viscera?

organs located in a body cavity

What type of membrane lines body cavities?

serous

What do serous membranes produce and where are they found?

watery fluid, lining tubes that aren’t exposed to the outside

What do mucous membranes produce and where are they found?

thick fluid, lining tubes that are exposed to the outside

What kind of membrane lines the body cavity wall?

parietal

What do parietal membranes line?

body cavity walls

What membrane surrounds the organs?

visceral

What surround the heart?

pericardium

What surrounds the lungs?

pluera

What surrounds the abdominal and pelvic organs?

peritoneum

Infraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal?

Infraperitoneal is an organ lies inferior to the peritoneal membrane and retoperitoneal lies posterior

What structures make up the integumentary system? (5)

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

What are te functions of the integumentary system? (4)

prevents water loss, protection, regulates body temp

What structures make up the skeletal system? (4)

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (4)

protection, muscle attachment, produces blood, stores inorganic salts and minerals

What is the axial skeleton?

the center of the skeleton

What is the appendicular skeleton?

limbs and other supporting bones

What are the functions of the muscular system? (4)

Movement, support, posture, producing heat

What structure make up the nervous system? (3)

brain, spinal cord, nerves

What does the nervous system do with impulses?

recives impulses from sensory parts, interprets them, and stimulates a repsonse

What structure make up the endocrine system? (5-6ish)

hormones, glands: pituitary/thyroid/adrenal/ovaries

What does the endocrine system regulate?

metabolic activity of specific target cells

What structure make up the digestive system? (6)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas

What are the functions of the digestive system? (3)

breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, eliminating waste

What structure make up the respiratory system? (5)

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

what are the functions of the respiratory system? (3)

intake/output of air, gas exchange, producing sound

What structure make up the cardiovascular system? (3)

heart, blood vessels, blood

What does the cardiovascular system transport? (4)

materials throughout the body, including hormones, waste, gases

What structure make up the lymphatic system? (5)

spleen, thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, urethra

what are the functions of the lymphatic system? (3)

transports tissue fluid back to bloodstream, provides immunity, carries fatty substances from the intestines

What structure make up the urinary system? (4)

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

what does the urinary system? (3)

filters blood, helps regulate fluid/electrlyte balance, creates and excretes urine

What structure make up the female reproductive system? (7)

ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes, mammary glands, clitoris, labia

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

protects and nutures embryo/newborn

What structure make up the male reproductive system? (8)

Testes, vas deferens, penis, scrotum, urethra, prostate, seminal glands, epididymus

What does the male reproductive system?

procues, maintains, and transports sex cells

What do both male and female reproductive systems produce?

gametes and sex hormones

In which region are superior and inferior used?

axial

What structures make up the axial region?

head, neck, trunk

In which region are proximal and distal used?

appendicular region and limbs

List the 9 quadrants

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

What are atoms? What are the 3 subatomic particles?

smallest stable unit of matter, protons, neutrons, electrons

Where are protons and neutrons located?

in the nucleus

What subatomic particles can contribute to an unstable nucleus? what can an unstable nucleus lead to?

neutrons, radiation

What subatomic particle is important to keep an element stable?

electrons

What is the atomic number? What is the mass number?

number of protons, number of protons plus number of neutrons

What are isotopes?

atom with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

What is a compound?

different atoms bonded by ionic or covalent bonds

How are ionic bonds formed?

ions with opposite charges attract

How are covalent bonds form?

sharing electrons

Which type of bond shares electrons?

covalent

What is a non-polar molecule?

a molecule with equally shared electrons and no overall charge

What is a polar molecule?

a molecule in which electrons are shared equally, resulting in no overall charge

What causes hydrogen bonding?

Partial positive charges on hydrogen atoms are attracted to partial negative charges between polar molecules

What type of molecule is water?

polar

What is synthesis?

creating and putting substances together

What is decomposition?

breaking something down

if 2 monomers combine to form a polymer, what type of reaction is occuring?

synthesis

if a polymer is broken into monomers, what type of reaction is occuring?

decomposition

What is acidosis and alkalosis?

blood levels below 7, blood levels above 7

What are macromolecules?

polymers made of monomers

What are the four major macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What is the primary role of carbohydrates?

main energy source

What 3 elements make up carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

maltose, lactose, sucrose

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?

cellulose, starch, glycogen

What are the major functions of lipids?

long term energy storage, membrane structure, chemical messengers

Are lipids water soluble?

no

What 3 elements make up lipids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is a triglyceride made of?

three fatty acids and glycerol

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats are solid, unsaturated fats are liquid (at room temperature)

What are phospholipids made of?

Glycerol, fatty acids, a phosphate group

What are proteins used for?

structural building blocks

What are most enzymes made of?

proteins

What elements make up portein?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur

What is a peptide bond?

a bond between amino acids

What is the primary structure of a protein?

the sequence of AA in a long chain

What groups can be identified in an AA?

amino, carboxyl, R groups

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

a structure resulting from bonds between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain

What types of bonds can form an alpha helix?

hydrogen bonds

What are the 2 shapes of secondary protein structure?

alpha helix and beta sheet/flat pleated

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

the coiling and folding that gives a protein its 3D structure

What are the 2 types of tertiary protein shaped?

globular and fibrous

What are 2 examples of globular proteins?

albumin and hemoglobin

What are 3 examples of fibrous proteins?

keratin, fibrin, collagen

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

interaction between multiple polypeptide chains forming a protein complex