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What is public health?

Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health.

What is health?

A state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

What is an epidemic or outbreak?

Occurrence of illness or event in excess of normal expectancy.

What is a health outcome?

Result of a medical condition affecting life quality or length.

What does clinical care involve?

prevention, treatment, and management of disease

What is epidemiology?

the study of how diseases spread, their causes, and how they affect populations, with the aim of preventing and controlling health problems.

What does incidence refer to?

Number of new cases of a disease.

What does prevalence refer to?

Number of existing cases.

Endemic

A disease that is always present in a specific area or population.

Epidemic

A sudden increase in cases of a disease in a particular area or population.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.

What is the mission of public health?

Ensure conditions in which people can be healthy.

What are the core functions of public health?

Assessment, policy development, and assurance.

Name the core sciences of public health.

Epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, social and behavioral sciences, health policy.

Name the health determinants.

Genes & biology, health behaviors, social characteristics, medical care

What is at the base of the Health Impact Pyramid?

Socioeconomic factors, ex.: income, education level, employment status, living conditions, and access to resources.

Socioeconomic factors

are social and economic conditions that influence a person’s health, well-being, and access to healthcare.

What is at the top of the Health Impact Pyramid?

Counseling and education.

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

Discover factors affecting health, identify high-risk populations, evaluate programs.

What are the patterns of disease studied in epidemiology

Who, when, and where.

What are the steps in health problem solving?

Data collection, assessment, hypothesis testing, action.

What is the purpose of epidemic surveillance?

Protects against disease.

List the first 5 steps of an outbreak investigation.

Establish outbreak, prepare for fieldwork, verify diagnosis, define cases, descriptive epidemiology.

List the last 5 steps of an outbreak investigation.

Develop hypotheses, evaluate hypotheses, refine hypotheses, implement control, communicate findings.

What are the two main types of epidemiological studies?

Experimental and observational.

What are the types of observational studies?

Descriptive and analytic.

What is a cohort study?

Follow people over time by exposure.

What is a case-control study?

Compare diseased vs. healthy to assess past exposure.

What are some challenges in human studies?

Adherence, bias, dropouts, comparability.

What is health administration?

Management of hospitals and health care systems.

What is the goal of health administration?

Deliver complete health services efficiently and economically.

What are important steps for administrators in public health?

Extend primary care, develop workforce, provide water/sanitation, control mortality, prevent diseases

What are 10 major public health achievements?

Vaccinations, safer vehicles, safer workplaces, disease control, heart disease reduction, food safety

What are some 21st-century challenges in public health?

Infectious disease resurgence, climate change, aging population, behavior, disparities, system strengthening.

What are the needs in disaster management?

Evacuation, rescue, treatment, shelter, hazard minimization.

What are the emergency preparedness principles?

Planning, practice drills, communication, strategic stockpiles.

Why is restriction sometimes acceptable in public health policy?

To prevent harm to others.

When is paternalism accepted in public health policy?

for children

Beneficence

doing good and acting in ways that benefit others

Non-malfeasance.

avoiding harm or injury to others

Autonomy

respecting a person's right to make their own decisions about their health and life, without being forced or controlled by others.

Social justice

means ensuring fair and equal access to resources to everyone

Informed consent

providing a person with all info for volunteering

S-Curve growth patten

Population growth slows as it nears environmental limits.

J-Curve growth pattern.

Rapid, unchecked exponential growth

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size the environment can support without degradation

What is the current situation regarding population growth?

Growth has slowed, but overpopulation problems still exist.

How does public health contribute to population growth?

Reducing death rates, especially among children, in developing countries.

What is Demographic Transition?

Birth rates tend to fall after death rates drop.

What are some urbanization problems?

Increase in homelessness, poor sanitation, and slums.

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on population trends?

Shortens life expectancy

What is the impact of deforestation?

Leads to environmental damage.

arable land

Land suitable for farming

What is causing climate change?

Increased use of fossil fuels leading to the greenhouse effect

greenhouse effect

the warming of Earth’s surface caused by certain gases trapping heat in the atmosphere.

What is a main barrier to population control?

Religious and cultural opposition to contraception.

What is a goal for population control programs?

Focus on education and empowerment of women to reduce birth rates.

Define Demographic Transition.

Shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Define Population Biology.

Study of population growth and its environmental effects.