Unit 4 AP PSYCH

4 D’s of psychological disorders

Distress, Dysfunction, Danger, Deviance

Danger

Causing harm to oneself or others

Dysfunction

Interferes with daily life.

Distress

Causing upset or anxiety to self or others

Deviance

Differing from cultural/societal norms Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic

Unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious thoughts

Humanistic

Lack of social support and inability to fulfill potential

Behavioral

Maladaptive learned associations.

Cognitive

Maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, or emotions.

Biological

Genetic or physiological predispositions.

Sociocultural

Problematic social and cultural contexts.

DSM-5

diagnose, criteria, symptoms

Not in DSM-5

causes and treatments

Anxiety Disorders

generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder’s Symptoms

Excessive anxiety with 3+ symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep disturbances

Social Anxiety Disorder’s Symptoms

Persistent fear of public interactions and negative evaluation

Panic Disorder’s Symptoms

Recurring panic attacks with 4+: sweating, trembling, choking, depersonalization, fear of losing control or dying

Agoraphobia’s Symptoms

Anxiety about being in public places due to fear of panic attacks

Specific Phobia’s Symptoms

Irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects/situations

Mood Disorders

major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, mania

Major Depressive Disorder’s Symptoms

Extreme low mood and motivation, fatigue

Bipolar Disorder’s Symptoms

Extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression)

Manic state

abnormal extreme of high mood

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

ADHD, Autism

ADHD’s Symptoms

Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Autism’s Symptoms

Social difficulty, repetitive behaviors, sensitivity to stimuli.

PTSD

Flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of triggers

Eating Disorders

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa

Schizophrenia’s Positive Symptoms

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

Schizophrenia’s Negative Symptoms

Flat affect, speech poverty, social withdrawal

OCD’s Symptoms

Obsessions: Unwanted, intrusive thoughts.

Compulsions: Repetitive actions to reduce anxiety.

Cluster A

Odd/Eccentric: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Paranoid PD

Distrustful, suspicious, and sees others as having bad intentions

Schizoid PD

Detached, emotionally distant, prefers solitude, lacks desire for relationships

Schizotypal PD

Eccentric behavior, paranoia, odd thinking, superstition; linked to schizophrenia but without psychosis

Cluster B

Dramatic: Antisocial, Borderline, Histronic, Narcissistic

Antisocial

sociopath/psychopath, disregard and violation of rights of others, impulsivity, aggressiveness, recklessness, lack of remorse

Cluster C

Anxious: Avoidant, Dependent, OCD

Personality comes from…

Genetic predispositions: process emotions, anger response; Modeling/learned behavior

General personality disorder

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from cultural expectations in at least 2 or more areas.

Cognition

Ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events

Affectivity

range, intensity, appropriateness of emotional response

Interpersonal functioning

Ability to form and maintain relationships

Impulse control

Regulation of behavior, thoughts, and emotions

Areas that can be affected in a personality disorder

cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

Personality disorder traits are ___ and ___ , affecting various aspects of life

inflexible, pervasive

Personality disorders create distress for both the __________ and __________, but the individual often does not recognize their behavior as __________.

Individual, others, problematic

Personality disorder patterns are ___ and ___, usually emerging in adolescence or early adulthood.

stable, long-term

Psychodynamic treatments

Psychodynamic Therapy (exploring childhood experiences, free association)

Used for: Schizophrenia, Anxiety , Personality Disorder

Humanistic treatments

Person-Centered Therapy (focus on self-actualization, empathy, unconditional positive regard)

Used for: Depression, Anxiety, Personality Disorders

Behavioral Treatments

Exposure Therapy, Flooding, Modeling, Token Economy

Used for: OCD, Phobias, Schizophrenia, Anxiety Disorders

Cognitive Treaments

CBT, Cognitive Restructuring, Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Used for: Depression, Anxiety, OCD

Biological Treatments

Medication, Brain Stimulation

Used for: Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, Depression

Sociocultural Treatments

Support Groups, Family or Couples Therapy, Culturally Responsive Therapy

Used for: Anxiety, ED, Depression, BPD

ACES (adverse childhood experiences)

sources of stress (life experiences during developmental stages)

Diathesis-stress model

Genetic vulnerability combined with stressful life (biology and life experiences)

Biopsychosocial model

Biological, psychological, sociocultural factors 

Cognitive triad

Cognitive cause for depression - thoughts about self, situation, future 

Beck’s Cognitive therapy

Cognitive treatment for depression - increase activites & mood, challenge & identify negative thinking, change primary attitudes 

Cognititive-behavioral therapy

therapy that changes thinking and behavior

Behavioral Therapy

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behavior

Exposure therapy

Systemic desensitization, flooding, modeling

Systemic desensitization

gradually exposed to trigger while practicing relaxing techniques

Flooding

exposure immediately and excessively 

Modeling

showing another person interacting with the trigger 

Token Economy

Behavioral treatment for schizophrenia; a reward system for desired behavior

Humanistic therapy

To reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth

Psychotropic medications

antipsychotic (schizophrenia), mood stabilizing (bipolar)

Brain stimulation

Electroshock (schizophrenia, depression), TMS

Panic disorder is associated with…

Agoraphobia

Difference between Antisocial & Avoidant

Antisocial: Manipulative, lacks empathy, harms others without remorse.
Avoidant: Socially anxious, poor social skills, avoids interactions.

Psychosis

loss of contact with reality