Ch. 5 Chapter Notes

Samuel Huntington

________ predicted that the next great international conflic would be a "clash of civilizations "arising from underlying differences between Western liberal democracy and Islamic fundamentalism.

Constructivists

________ emphasize the sources found in the power of ideas (nontangible)

Boko Haram

________ is also known as "western ways are forbidden "is a radical Islamist guerrilla group fighting the Nigerian military in the north.

Pluralist Model

________: Focuses on the fact that societal groups may play very important roles in the foreign policies adopted by states and captures decision- making processes involving these actors.

Credibility

________: The quality of having both the ability and incentive to act using a certain policy such that other states believe it will be carried out.

ISs goal

The ________ was to bring grandeur, authority, and stability to the caliphate by capturing territory, exploiting resources in that territory to gain economic support, and establishing governance with a strict legal system bringing swift justice to offenders and and educational and social service system.

Compellence

For ________ or Deterrence to be effective, states must clearly and openly communicate their objectives and capabilities, be willing to make good on threats or fulfill promises, and have the capacity to follow through with their commitments.

acceptable solution

Satisficing: Settling for a decision that is a minimally ________, even if that decision is not the best possible outcome.

Realists

________ focus primarily on natural and tangible power sources.

Diplomacy

________ usually begins with negotiation, through indirect or direct communication, in an attempt to reach an agreement.

informal diplomatic interactions

Track Two Diplomacy: Consists of individuals from outside the government engaging in ________ with the aim of helping to resolve their conflicts.

Sunni Shia

The conflict in the ________ divide is based on who the legitimate successor is to the prophet Muhammad.

1st

The ________ level of bargaining is international bargaining between states.

Industrial development

________, economic diversification, level of infrastructure, and characteristics of the military are critical tangible sources of power potential.

Kashmir

________ is divided by a 450 mile line of control patrolled by Pakistan and India troops.

Engagement

________: Getting a target state to act in a desired way by rewarding the moves it makes in the desired direction; often referred to as positive sanctions.

rational model

Under the ________, the state is assumed to be a unitary actor with established goals, a set of possible policy options, and an algorithm for deciding which option best meets its goals.

Societal groups

________ can influence the decisions by mobilizing the media and public opinion, lobbying government agencies responsible for making decisions, influencing the appropriate representative bodies (U.S. Congress), organize transnational networks of people with comparable interests, and make direct contact with the highest government officials.

Mujahideen

________:"holy warriors "for Islamic supporters.

Foreign policy decisions

________ are determined by leaders beliefs that their actions are congruent with the international norms they have appropriated in interpretation of international norms.

Liberals

________ pay attention to natural, tangible, and intangible sources.

stable population

State: An entity that has a geographically defined territory and a(n) ________ owing allegiance to an effective government and that is recognized diplomatically by other states.

UN Security Council

The ROC (Taiwan) decision makers had several options; do nothing, wait until after the upcoming elections, issue diplomatic protests, bring the issue to the ________, threaten or conduct military operations against the PRC (China), or threaten or use economic statecraft.

PRC

The ________ (China) was testing missiles over the ROC (Taiwan) in direct threat to the latters national security.

ROC

The ________ (Taiwan) weighed these costs against the possible benefits of each policy, and chose the one with the most benefits relative to costs.

Infidels

________: Nonbelievers from the West.

Transnational movements

________ can include religion, ideology, environment, human rights, development, opposition to abortion, family planning, or immigration.

Health status

________, age distribution, and level of social services may magnify or constrain state power in regards to population.

Trade

________ and environmental policy are examples of the bureaucratic politics model of decision- making at work.

Statecraft

________: Techniques states use to exert influence and project power including diplomacy, economic, and use of force tools.

Geographic power potential

________ is magnified or constrained by natural resources.

Tacit Bargaining

In ________, actions (as opposed to verbal statements or written proposals) are the critical means of communication.

Bureaucratic Politics Model

The ________: focuses on negotiations among individuals that head various organizations within the government representing different interests.

Ethnonational Movements

________: The participation in organized political activity of self- concious communities sharing an ethnic affiliation; some movements seek autonomy within an organized state; other desire separation and the formation of a new state; still others want to join with a different state.

Track

________ One Diplomacy: Negotiations among government officials taken on behalf of governments.

Extremist groups

________ advocate violence as the means to overthrow corrupt rulers and install religious authority steeped in Sharia law.

Organizational model

The ________ can capture the impact that departments or ministries of government can have.

Deterrence

________: States commit themselves to punishing a target state if that state takes an undesired action.

The 2 types of Track One Diplomacy

Traditional and public diplomacy

Constructivists

________ recognize that power comes from tangible and intangible sources but also ideas and languages.

Kashmir

________ is a mountainous area at the intersection of India, Pakistan, and China.

Compellence

________: A state threatens to use force to try to get another state to do something or to undo an act it has undertaken.

Diplomacy

________: The practice of states trying to influence the behavior of other states by bargaining, negotiating, taking specific noncoercive actions, or refraining from such actions, or appealing to the foreign public for support of a position.

Transnational Movements

________: Groups of people from different states who share religious, ideological, or policy beliefs and who work together to change the status quo.

rational model

The ________ used by rationalists, focuses on outside stimuli that drive decision making of a unitary state actor.

Constructivists

________ hold that foreign policy decisions are based on 2 major factors; the countrys strategic culture, and the leaders interpretation of international norms.

State

An entity that has a geographically defined territory and a stable population owing allegiance to an effective government and that is recognized diplomatically by other states

Power

The ability to influence others and control outcomes, producing results that would not have occurred naturally

Power Potential

A measure of the power an entity like a state could have, derived from a consideration of both its tangible and untangible resources; states may not always be able to transfer their power potential into actual power

Smart Power

A combination of hard and soft power

Statecraft

Techniques states use to exert influence and project power including diplomacy, economic, and use of force tools

Credibility

The quality of having both the ability and incentive to act using a certain policy such that other states believe it will be carried out

Diplomacy

The practice of states trying to influence the behavior of other states by bargaining, negotiating, taking specific noncoercive actions, or refraining from such actions, or appealing to the foreign public for support of a position

Public Diplomacy

Involves a country strategically targeting publics and elites in foreign countries with informational, cultural, and educational programming

Track One Diplomacy

Talks and negotiations among government officials or actions taken as official government policy

Track Two Diplomacy

Consists of individuals from outside the government engaging in informal diplomatic interactions with the aim of helping to resolve their conflicts

Engagement

Getting a target state to act in a desired way by rewarding the moves it makes in the desired direction; often referred to as positive sanctions

Sanctions

Economic, diplomatic and even coercive military force used to enforce an international policy or another states policy; sanctions can be positive (offering to a state) or negative (punishing a state)

Smart Sanctions

Limited sanctions targeted to hurt or support specific groups; used to avoid the humanitarian costs of general sanctions

Compellence

A state threatens to use force to try to get another state to do something or to undo an act it has undertaken

Deterrence

States commit themselves to punishing a target state if that state takes an undesired action

First-strike Capability

The ability to know with absolute certainty that a state could annihilate its adversarys nuclear capability in one go

Organizational Process Model

Emphasizes different government organizations standard operating procedures (SOPs) and routines

The Bureaucratic Politics Model

focuses on negotiations among individuals that head various organizations within the government representing different interests

Satisficing

Settling for a decision that is a minimally acceptable solution, even if that decision is not the best possible outcome

Pluralist Model

Focuses on the fact that societal groups may play very important roles in the foreign policies adopted by states and captures decision-making processes involving these actors

Transnational Movements

Groups of people from different states who share religious, ideological, or policy beliefs and who work together to change the status quo

Extremist Islamic Fundamentalism

Groups seeking to chance states and societies through violent and coercive means to support imposition of Sharia law

Mujahideen

"holy warriors" for Islamic supporters

Jihad

"holy war" for Islam

IS

Islamic State

Infidels

Nonbelievers from the West

Ethnonational Movements

The participation in organized political activity of self-concious communities sharing an ethnic affiliation; some movements seek autonomy within an organized state; other desire separation and the formation of a new state; still others want to join with a different state

Fragile States

State which has ineffective or nonexistent government, widespread lawlessness, often accompanied by insurgency and crime; situation where state authorities are not protecting their own people

The Critical Tangible Sources of Power Potential

* Industrial development, economic diversification, level of infrastructure, and characteristics of the military

Examples of Natural Sources of Power

Geography, natural resources, and population

Examples of Intangible Sources of Power

Image, Public support, and leadership

Globalization

growing integration of world in terms of economics, politics, communications, and culture

Transnational Crime

illicit activities made easier by globalization

Engagement and Sanctions can be used as?

Economic statecraft

Perception is an insignificant factor in a state’s power and influence.

False

Nationalism remains one of the most potent and powerful forces in international relations in the 21st Century.

True

Group think is a potential pitfall and weakness of authoritarian and dictatorial regimes only.

False

Nations are always confined to and exist solely within a single state.

False

Power is static, perpetual and consistent.

False

To a significant degree, demographics are destiny for states.

True

Intangible or soft power resources are weak and insignificant in comparison to tangible or hard power resources.

False

There's no difference between a nation and a nation-state.

False

Social media and new forms of communication technology have significantly empowered the individual in terms of international relations.

True

Generally speaking, political elites do not care about public sentiment in regards to foreign policy and international relations.

False

Individuals have little real influence over foreign policy or impact in international relations.

False

China is a potential peer challenger to the United States for regional hegemony in Far East Asia.

True

From the Realist perspective, the defining characteristic of the international system is anarchy.

True

Utilizing individuals or groups outside government to help resolve conflicts is referred to as

track-two diplomacy

Power

is fluid, dynamic, elusive and transitory.

Xenophobia

is the fear of outsiders, immigrants, foreigners and influence from other cultures. It is also a negative form of soft power.

China

has historically opposed international intervention in sovereign states regardless of their domestic actions.

While voters want their leaders to be politically and ideologically consistent, in order to be successful in developing foreign policy they must be

pragmatic

Realists

hold a state-centric view of international relations.

Treaty of Westphalia

established the current framework for international relations and ushered in the era of the state.