Module 1B Introduction to Pathology: Cause of Disease and General Basis of Pathologic Condition

Pathology

Study of disease processes

Medical imaging

The purpose of ... is to demonstrate the presence or absence of disease

Disease

any abnormal change or disturbance in the

function or structure within the body as a result of some

type of injury.

Pathogenesis

sequence of events producing cellular

changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as manifestations

Manifestations

Observable changes

Symptom

Patients perception of the disease, subjective

Sign

Objective manifestations, detectable with examination

Syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that

characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

Etiology

study of the cause of a disease

Nosocomial

hospital acquired infection/disease

Idiopathic

A disease with no causative factor or without

identifiable cause

Iatrogenic

Adverse responses to medical treatment itself

Acute

diseases usually have a quick onset and last for

a short period

Chronic

diseases may manifest more slowly and last for

a very long-time

Sequelae

condition caused by previous disease, injury,

therapy, or other trauma

Diagnosis

identification of a disease an individual is

believed to have

Prognosis

prediction of the course of the disease and

the prospects for the patients recovery

Morphology

Structure of cells or tissue

Epidemiology

investigation of disease in large groups

Prevalence

Number of cases found in a given population

Incidence

Number of new cases found in a given time

Endemic

disease of high prevalence in an area where a

causative organism is commonly found

Morbidity rate

incidence of sickness that interferes

with daily routine

Mortality rate

average number of deaths caused by

a particular disease in a population

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

increase in

the number of cells in a tissue

as a result of excessive

proliferation

Anaplasia

absence of

tumor cell differentiation, loss

of cellular organization

Dysplasia

abnormal

changes of mature cells;

(atypical hyperplasia)

Metaplasia

conversion of

one cell type into another cell

type that is not normal for that

tissue

Congenital

Diseases present at birth and resulting from

genetic or environmental factors

Hereditary

Diseases caused by developmental disorders

genetically transmitted from either parent to a

child through abnormalities of individual genes in

chromosomes

Dominant

Transmitted by a single gene from either

parent

Recessive

transmitted by both parents to an offspring

Inflammatory disease

Disease results from the body's reaction to a

localized injurious agent

Infective

Types of Inflammatory disease: Results from invasion by microorganisms

such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi

Toxic

Types of Inflammatory disease: disease are caused by poisoning by biologic

substances

Allergic diseases

Types of Inflammatory disease: an overreaction of the body's

own defenses

Autoimmune disorders

Disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissues

Chronic inflammation

• Damage caused by an injurious agent may not

result in necrosis

• Longer duration of inflammation periods

1. Heat "Calor"

2. Redness "Rubor"

3. Swelling "Tumor"

4. Pain "Dolor"

5. Loss of function "Functio Laesa"

5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation:

1. Tissue regeneration

2. Repair by fibrous connective tissue

3. Debridement

4. Remodeling

Treatments of inflammation:

Infection

Inflammatory process caused by disease-causing

organism

Virulence

Refers to the ease with which an organism can

overcome body defenses.

Degenerative disease

• Diseases caused by a deterioration of the body

• May occur following traumatic injury, regardless

of age

Degenerative disease

• Results from the gradual maturation of

physiologic processes that reach a peak and then

gradually fade

1. Heredity

2. Diet

3. Environmental factors

Factors that affect the rate of aging:

1. Atherosclerosis

2. Osteoporosis

3. Osteoarthritis

Disease commonly associated with the aging process:

Metabolic disease

• Sum of all physical and chemical processes in the

body

• Caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic

function of the body

Dehydration

o most common disturbance of fluid balance

o caused by insufficient intake of water or excessive

loss of it: vomiting, diarrhea, or use of diuretics

Homeostasis

Body's normal internal resting state

Traumatic diseases

• Result from mechanical forces; crushing or twisting of

a body part

• Disorders resulting from extreme hot or cold

temperatures

Traumatic diseases

Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body classify as what disease?

Neoplastic disease

Disease results in new, abnormal tissue growth

Proliferation

refers to cell division

Differentiation

refers to the process of cellular

specialization

Lesion

cellular changes in response to disease

Benign neoplasm

Composed of well-differentiated cells with

uncontrolled growth

benign

A ... neoplasm remains localized and is generally

non-invasive

Malignant neoplasm

Exhibits the loss of control of both cell proliferation

and cell differentiation, which changes its functional

capabilities

Malignant neoplasm

Grow at a faster rate compared with benign

neoplasms and tend to spread and invade other

tissues

Cell differentiation

... is how generic embryonic cells

become specialized cells (cardiac, nerve, liver cells

Metastasis

Spread of malignant cancer cells resulting in a

secondary tumor distant from the primary lesion

Hematogenous spread

May spread via blood vessels

Lymphatic spread

May spread via the lymphatic system

Invasion

If the cancerous cells spread into surrounding

tissue by virtue of the proximity of the areas

Seeding

If the cancerous cells travel to a distant site or

distant organ system

Cancer

term used to denote various types of

malignant neoplasm

Carcinoma

one type of cancer derived from epithelial

tissue

Sarcoma

Neoplastic disease that arises from connective tissue

Lymphoma

Neoplastic disease that arises from lymphatic cells

Tumor size

Node (lymph node involvement)

Metastases

TNM meaning

1950s, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

TNM system emerged in ... & endorsed by ...

Stage 0

Stage ... means there is no cancer, only

abnormal cells with the potential to become

cancer.

Stage I

Stage ... means the cancer is small and only in

one area.

Stage II and III

Stage ... mean the cancer is larger and

has grown into nearby tissues or lymph nodes.

Stage IV

Stage ... means the cancer has spread to other

parts of your body