Bio 111 Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards generated from Bio 111 lecture notes, focusing on key concepts, definitions, and important details discussed in class. These flashcards are designed to help you review the material and prepare for your upcoming exams.

What is Dr. Diaz's primary research interest as a virologist?

How viruses utilize cellular mechanisms for their replication and survival.

What is the classroom model for Bio 111?

Every person in the room is on the same team, collectively battling against ignorance, helping each other learn without a curve.

What tips are provided to succeed in Bio 111?

Read the book before each lecture, use the SQ3R method, and ask questions when you don't understand something.

What are the components of the final grade in Bio 111 and their respective percentages?

Exam 1, Exam 2, Exam 3, and Quizzes, each worth 25% of the final grade.

What are the exam policies in Bio 111?

Exams must be taken in the room, using a pen, and are closed book, notes, and electronic devices. Academic dishonesty will be reported. Excused absences require a signed note from a Doctor or proof of a death in the immediate family.

What are the quiz policies in Bio 111?

There will be one quiz per day, they cannot be made up or excused, and they cover recently lectured material plus assigned reading.

What material are you responsible for (tested on) in Bio 111?

Material in the assigned chapters and presentations in class.

What is the "Flipper" system used in lecture?

A system where a question is flashed on a slide and students choose an answer (A, B, C, or D).

What are the faculty "office hours"?

11 am - 12 pm on MWR in PSC Room 208, no appointments needed.

What information is posted on Blackboard for the course?

Course announcements, lecture slides, syllabus, and office hours schedule.

What is Biology as defined in Chapter 1?

Posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers.

What is Naturalism?

The view of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces, excluding the supernatural or spiritual.

What is the relationship between science and God, according to the lecture?

Science will never find positive evidence for God.

Why do we observe in Biology?

Because we’re human and curious!

What is a hypothesis?

A tentative answer to a well-framed question.

Give an example of a hypothesis.

Replacing batteries will fix the problem.

What characteristics must a hypothesis have to be addressed by science?

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

What is a controlled experiment?

Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group, differing in only one way (independent variable), measuring the dependent variable(s).

What is a theory in the context of science?

Broader in scope than a hypothesis, general, can lead to new testable hypotheses, and supported by a large body of evidence.

What does Science require for communication?

Peer review, replication of findings, building on previous work, and scientific integrity (honesty).

What is the goal of science?

To understand natural phenomena.

What is the goal of technology?

To apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.

What are the Properties of Life?

Order, Regulation, Energy processing, Evolutionary adaptation, Response to the environment, Reproduction, Growth and development.

What is one of the major goals to organize your thinking with themes?

To learn the overall picture and the connectedness of biology.

How can life be studied?

Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet.

What are emergent properties?

Result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system.

What is reductionism?

The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

What is a system?

A combination of components that function together.

What does Systems Biology do?

Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.

With what does every organism interact?

Every organism interacts with its environment, including nonliving factors and other organisms.

What is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms?

Their use of energy to carry out life’s activities.

What are structure and function correlated at all levels of biological organization?

Structure and function of living organisms are closely related.

What is a cell?

The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

What do Chromosomes contain?

Contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

What are Genes?

Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.

What do all cells have in common?

Bound by membrane and use DNA as instruction set.

What is Gene expression?

The process of converting information from gene to cellular product.

What is Genomics?

The study of sets of genes within and between species.

What do Feedback mechanisms do?

Allow biological processes to self-regulate.

What is Negative feedback?

As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced.

What is Positive feedback?

As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced.

How does evolution account for the unity and diversity of life?

Organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors.

What is Taxonomy?

The branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth.

What are the broadest units of classification?

Domains, followed by kingdoms.

What are the three domains of life?

Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria.

What were Darwin’s two main points in "On the Origin of Species"?

Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors, and natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”.

According to Darwin, what happens to individuals who are best suited to their environment?

Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

How does the environment influence natural selection?

The environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits.

What does natural selection result in?

The adaptation of organisms to their environment.

How do you describe unity in diversity?

Unity in diversity arises from descent with modification.

Who said “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”?

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?

The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Give examples of how molecules can act on a global scale

Water as the context for life’s processes, CO2 release leading to climate change, sulfur compounds in pollution leading to acid rain, CFCs catalyzing ozone depletion.

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

What is a compound?

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

What four elements make up 96% of living matter?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Give examples of what the human body is composed of

Water, Protein, DNA, Fats, Lipids.

What does each element consist of?

Each element consists of unique atoms.

What is one component of an atom?

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

What is an element’s atomic number?

The number of protons in its nucleus.

What are Isotopes?

Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons.

Give an example of an Isotope

99% of the carbon atoms in nature (including in our bodies) are carbon-12

What is Energy?

The capacity to cause change.

What is Potential energy?

Energy that matter has because of its location or structure.

What differs in the electrons of an atom?

Amount of potential energy.

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell, or valence shell.

What happens to elements with a full valence shell?

Chemically inert.

What is an orbital?

The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.

What determines what kind of element an atom is?

The number of protons the atom has.

The second energy shell around an atom:

Has a 2s and three 2p orbitals

What occurs to Atoms with incomplete valence shells?

Share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms.

What is a covalent bond?

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

What is Electronegativity?

An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.

What occurs with a nonpolar covalent bond?

Atoms share the electron equally.

What occurs with a Polar covalent bond?

One atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.

What charge does a Cation have?

Positively charged

What charge does an Anion have?

Negatively charged

Why does a Hydrogen bond form?

A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

What are Van der Waals interactions?

Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of positively of negatively charged spots.

What is a molecule’s shape determined by?

Determined by the positions of its atoms’ valence orbitals.

What are chemical reactions?

The making and breaking of chemical bonds

What are reactants?

The starting molecules of a chemical reaction.

What are products?

The final molecules of a chemical reaction.

What is Chemical equilibrium?

When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.

A hypothesis is proven to be true scientific inquiry, in other words, a question broader in scope than a ‘theory’

False

Systems biology is an approach that attempts to decrease the complexity of a biological system by studying its simpler component parts.

False

Molecules and compounds always have the same properties as their constituent elements, which is known as an “emergent property”.

False

There are three domains of life: Archaea, Eukarya, and Protista.

False

Covalent bonds, though weak, involve valence electron sharing by two atoms.

False

Hydrogen is more electronegative than Oxygen, so the electrons of the covalent bonds in water spend more time closer to Hydrogen than to Oxygen.

False

The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

False

The continuity of life is based on heritable information stored in proteins.

False

What is Dr. Diaz's primary research interest as a virologist?

Dr. Diaz's research focuses on understanding how viruses manipulate cellular processes to replicate and ensure their survival within host cells.

What is the classroom model for Bio 111?

Bio 111 operates under a collaborative model where everyone works together to overcome challenges in learning, fostering a supportive environment without grading on a curve.

What tips are provided to succeed in Bio 111?

To succeed in Bio 111, students are encouraged to preview material before lectures, actively engage with the text using the SQ3R method, and seek clarification on any unclear concepts.

What are the components of the final grade in Bio 111 and their respective percentages?

The final grade in Bio 111 is calculated from four components: Exam 1, Exam 2, Exam 3, and Quizzes, each contributing 25% to the overall grade.

What are the exam policies in Bio 111?

In Bio 111, exams are conducted in a controlled environment with specific rules: they must be taken in the classroom with a pen, and external resources are prohibited. Any form of academic dishonesty will be reported. Excused absences require official documentation.