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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A humanistic theory proposing that human needs are arranged in a pyramid: physiological → safety → love/belonging → esteem → self-actualization.

Self-Determination Theory

A humanistic motivational theory proposing people are driven by three innate needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's social cognitive theory that behavior, personal factors, and environment mutually influence each other.

Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN)

The five major dimensions of personality: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Openness to Experience

Big 5 trait associated with curiosity, creativity, preference for variety and new ideas.

Conscientiousness

Big 5 trait characterized by organization, dependability, and self-discipline.

Extraversion

Big 5 trait involving sociability, assertiveness, and positive emotion.

Agreeableness

Big 5 trait related to cooperation, trust, and empathy.

Neuroticism

Big 5 trait indicating emotional instability, anxiety, and moodiness.

Freud's Id

The primitive, unconscious part of the psyche driven by instinctual urges and the pleasure principle.

Freud's Ego

The rational, conscious part of the psyche that mediates between the id, superego, and reality.

Freud's Superego

The internalized moral standards and ideals that punish the ego with guilt.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one controls their own outcomes and life events through personal effort.

External Locus of Control

The belief that outcomes are determined by external forces such as luck or fate.

Learned Helplessness

The tendency to stop trying after repeated uncontrollable failures.

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in others' behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort felt when holding contradictory beliefs or when behavior conflicts with beliefs.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for and interpret information that confirms existing beliefs.

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to maintain a belief even after supporting evidence has been discredited.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or beliefs to match group standards.

Normative Social Influence

Conforming to fit in and be liked, driven by social pressure.

Informational Social Influence

Conforming because one believes the group has accurate information.

Obedience

Changing behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.

Milgram's Shock Studies

Classic experiment demonstrating that 65% of participants delivered dangerous shocks to strangers under authority pressure.

Social Facilitation

Performing better on simple tasks when others are present, but worse on complex tasks.

Social Loafing

The tendency to exert less effort in a group than when working alone.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in group settings.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.

Diffusion of Responsibility

In a group, each person feels less responsible for taking action.

In-group

The group(s) a person identifies with.

Out-group

Groups a person does not belong to, often viewed with less sympathy.

Prejudice

A negative (or positive) attitude toward a group based on group membership alone.

Discrimination

Unjust behavior toward individuals based on their group membership.

Explicit Prejudice

Consciously held and openly expressed prejudiced attitudes.

Implicit Prejudice

Unconscious, automatic biased attitudes that influence behavior without awareness.

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for limited resources.

Social Identity Theory

Theory that self-esteem is derived from group memberships, favoring in-groups.

Contact Hypothesis

Idea that sustained, equal-status contact decreases prejudice between groups.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or punishments.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal satisfaction and genuine interest in an activity.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities and intelligence are fixed traits.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort.

Performance Orientation

Focus on outperforming others and demonstrating ability.

Mastery Orientation

Focus on learning and self-improvement.

Belongingness

The fundamental human need to feel accepted and valued by others.

Values Affirmation

Intervention where people reflect on core values to reduce threat responses.

Self-control / Delay of Gratification

Ability to resist immediate rewards for larger future ones.

Display Rules

Culturally learned norms that govern emotional expression.

James-Lange Theory

Theory stating physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory asserting physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Theory that emotion is based on physiological arousal plus cognitive labeling.

Emotion Regulation

Strategies to influence which emotions we experience and express.

Situation Selection

Choosing to enter or avoid situations based on their emotional impact.

Situation Modification

Changing a situation to alter its emotional impact.

Attentional Deployment

Directing attention towards or away from emotional aspects of a situation.

Cognitive Reappraisal

Reinterpreting a situation to change its emotional impact; most effective long-term strategy.

Response Modulation/Suppression

Inhibiting emotional expression post-triggering; less effective.

Biopsychosocial Model

Framework recognizing health is influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Stress

The process of perceiving and responding to stressors.

Catastrophes

Unpredictable, large-scale events affecting many people.

Significant Life Changes

Major life events requiring substantial adjustment.

Daily Stressors

Minor everyday irritants accumulating and affecting health.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Model of the body's stress response in three stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

Primary Appraisal

Initial evaluation of whether a situation is stressful.

Secondary Appraisal

Evaluation of coping ability and resources available for stressors.

DSM-5

The standard classification system for diagnosing psychological disorders.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious conflicts and past experiences.

Humanistic Therapy

Therapeutic approach focused on self-actualization and conditions for personal growth.

Behavior Therapy

Therapeutic approach using learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Exposure Therapy

Behavior therapy technique that gradually exposes clients to feared stimuli.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Therapy targeting negative thoughts and maladaptive behaviors; helps restructure cognitive distortions.

Automatic Thoughts

Immediate, involuntary thoughts that arise in response to situations.

Cognitive Distortions

Irrational thinking patterns maintaining depression and anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive worry about various aspects of life for over 6 months.

Specific Phobia

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of social situations leading to avoidance.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistent worry about future attacks.

Agoraphobia

Fear and avoidance of situations where escape may be difficult during a panic attack.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Mood disorder characterized by 2+ weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest.

Predictors of Depression

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contributing to depression.

Schizophrenia

A severe psychotic disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms.

Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Excesses added to normal behavior, including hallucinations and delusions.

Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Deficits from normal functioning, such as flat affect and social withdrawal.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without external stimuli, commonly auditory in schizophrenia.

Delusions

Fixed, false beliefs resistant to contrary evidence.

Biology of Schizophrenia

Linked to excess dopamine activity and structural brain abnormalities.

Predictors of Schizophrenia

Genetic factors, prenatal exposure, cannabis use, and other environmental triggers.

Nervous System Overview

CNS (brain + spinal cord) and PNS (peripheral nervous system), including autonomic and somatic subdivisions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Activates fight-or-flight response; increases heart rate and energy.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Promotes rest-and-digest functions; conserves energy.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers in the brain that transmit signals across synapses.

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and procedural memory.

Reticular Formation

Brainstem network involved in arousal and regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Medulla

Brainstem structure controlling vital automatic functions.

Pons

Brainstem structure involved in sleep and relaying signals between brain regions.

Amygdala

Limbic structure involved in fear and emotional memory.

Hippocampus

Critical for forming new explicit memories.

Frontal Lobe / PFC

Responsible for planning, decision-making, and impulse control.

Parietal Lobe

Processes sensory information, including touch and spatial awareness.

Occipital Lobe

The primary center for visual processing.