Unit 6 (1750-1900) Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes for Unit 6, focusing on industrialization, imperialism, and migration from 1750 to 1900.

Imperialism

A new wave of empire building, mainly by Europeans, driven by cultural ideologies, nationalist motives, and economic motives.

White Man's Burden

A poem by Rudyard Kipling that encapsulates the belief in the superiority of the white race, which drove imperialism.

Social Darwinism

The application of biological Darwinism principles to social and political realities, justifying strong states dominating weak states.

Meiji Restoration

The modernization of the Japanese military that enabled Japan to colonize Korea after beating China in the Sino-Japanese War.

Economic Motives for Imperialism

The desire of industrialized nations for new markets and access to raw materials to feed their machines.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king who privately owned The Congo and enacted brutal policies, leading to international pressure for the Belgian state to take control.

British East India Company

A company that originally controlled India, but increasing corruption and harsh policies led to the Sepoy Rebellion, after which the British government took direct control.

Spanish-American War (1898)

A war that led to the U.S. expanding into the Pacific, most notably into The Philippines, which was previously a Spanish colony.

Scramble for Africa

The competition among European imperial powers for African colonies due to the continent's abundance of raw materials.

Berlin Conference

Otto von Bismarck of Germany calls the Berlin conference, where The imperial powers peacefully and diplomatically carved up Africa among themselves, without African input.

Direct Resistance

A method of resistance from colonial peoples; example: Tupac Amaru leading a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru.

Sepoy Mutiny

Also known as the Indian Rebellion or Mutiny. An example of direct resistance from colonized peoples.

Ghost Dance Movement

A religiously inspired rebellion in The United States where indigenous groups performed a ritual dance to awaken their ancestral dead and expel white settlers.

Cash Crop Farming

Selling crops primarily for export, such as coffee, rubber, and sugar, which transformed colonial economies.

Guano Extraction

The specialization of Peru and Chile in extracting bird poop for fertilizer to satisfy European and American needs.

Economic Imperialism

A situation in which one country wields significant economic power over another country, controlling its economy.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and China caused by Britain smuggling opium into China to fix a trade deficit, leading to British victory and forced trade agreements.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in China carved up among imperial powers like Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and The United States for economic advantage.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where workers agree to work for a number of years to pay for their passage to a new place, replacing slavery.

Asian Contract Laborers

Chinese and Indian workers brought in by the British to work for extremely low wages after the abolition of the slave trade.

Penal Colonies

Colonies, such as Australia, where the British sent convicts for hard labor.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine that started in 1845, leading to mass migration of Irish immigrants to America for work.

Ethnic Enclaves

Portions of receiving cities that reflect the language, culture, and character of the immigrant settlers.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Racist legislation in The United States aimed to oppress Chinese immigrants.