CMSD 4010 Phonetics Exam 1

Phonetics

study of perception of speech sounds

Language

a socially shared code that used arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of symbols to represent ideas, thoughts, and feelings; comes from the mind

Speech

physical behavior that encompasses patterns of movement of speech structures and the pattern of acoustic vibration that these movements generate; comes from the mouth

Dialect

language & speech; different usage patterns of language; some more noticeable than others; confined to region or culture

Idiolect

a person’s own unique form of spoken language

What are some disorders that SLPs may encounter?

apraxia, aphasia, dysphagia, dysarthria, stuttering, developmental disorders, etc.

What are some developmental disorders?

ASD, Down Syndrome, Cleft Palate, Hard of Hearing/Deaf, speech sound disorders, language disorders, etc.

What are two speech sound disorders?

dysarthria and dysphagia

Morpheme

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Derivational morphemes

changes definition and/or part of speech; example: happy+ness

Inflectional morphemes

changes tense, number, comparison;-ed, -est, -s

8 inflectional morphemes

-ed (past tense)

-er (comparison)

-est (comparison)

-en (past perfect participle)

-ing (present tense)

-s (plural)

-’s (possessive)

-s (3rd person singular)

Free morpheme

carry a specific meaning when they appear alone

Bound morpheme

must be attached to other morphemes to produce a word with a specific meaning

Phoneme

a basic segment that has the linguistic functioning of distinguishing morphemes

Minimal pairs

differ by just one phoneme;

example: cat, mat, sat, fat, rat, bat

How many morphemes does ‘CATS’ have?

2

Syllable

a unit of speech that consists of one vowel or vowel-like element that may be accompanied by surrounding consonants

What 2 parts can syllables be broken into?

onset and rime

Onset

all the consonants before the vowel

Rime

the vowel & all the consonants after it

Rime can be split into what two parts?

-nucleus/peak

-coda

Nucleus

vowel-like element; the “peak”

Coda

consonants that come after the vowel

Grapheme

a letter or pattern that represents a single phoneme

Digraphs

-2 letters, 1 sound

-examples: ch, sh, th

Trigraphs

-3 letters, 1 sound

-examples: tch, dge

About how many graphemes are there?

250

Orthography

conventional spelling (i.e. with the alphabet)

About how many phonemes are there?

45

Free variation

can be exchanged for each other in a phonetics context

Complementary distribution

cannot be exchanged for each other in a phonetics context

Stress

the emphasis or prominence given to a syllable relative to other syllables

Primary stress

most emphasis

Articulators

-velum

-alveolar ridge

-mandible

-lips

-tongue

-vocal folds

Systems of speech sound production

-respiratory

-laryngeal

-subpharyngeal

What are the 3 cavities?

-oral

-nasal

-pharyngeal

What are the places of lingual articulation?

-interdental

-dental

-alveolar

-postalveolar

-palatal

-velar

-back

Name the parts of the tongue

a. body

b. tip (apex)

c. blade

d. dorsum

e. root

Identify a

alveolar ridge

Identify b

teeth

Identify c

lips

Identify d

mandible/jaw

Identify e

tongue

Identify f

vocal folds

Identify g

epiglottis

Identify h

uvula

Identify i

velum

Identify all the places of articulation from A to F

a - interdental

b - dental

c - alveolar

d - postalveolar

e - palatal

f - velar

Graphemes

letters

Phonemes

sounds

Prevocalic

- used to indicate that a sound occurs before a vowel

- in the word ‘tub’, the /t/ sound is ____

Postvocalic

- indicates that a sound occurs after a vowel

- in the word ‘tub’, the /b/ sound is ____

Intervocalic

- a sound that occurs between two vowels

- in the word ‘alone’, the consonant represented by the letter ‘l’ is _____

What does IPA stand for?

International Phonetic Alphabet

A cvc syllable is composed of what?

- onset, nucleus, and coda

- tap

What is a CV syllable composed of?

- onset and nucleus

- to

Open syllables

syllables that end in a vowel, with no coda

Closed syllables

syllables that end in a consonant

Is ‘he’ and open or closed syllable?

open

Is ‘heat’ an open or closed syllable?

closed

Consonant clusters

sequences of consonants in a syllable