COM 11400 Purdue Test Out 2

What is a clincher?

it is a sort of conclusion that resolves any questions or claims previously put forth

What percentage should the intro make up?

10%

What percentage should the body make up?

85%

What percentage should the conclusion make up?

5%

What should be included in an intro?

-establish credibility
-preview the topic
-outline the main points
-gain the audience's attention
-relate the material to the audience

What should be included in the body?

-clearly organized
-main points with supporting subpoints
-transitions

What should be included in the conclusion?

-reiterate the main points in a new way
-draw arguments to a close
-summarize and signal the end of the speech

How should you respond if you're asked a question that you don't know the answer to?

-be honest
-ask audience members for an answer
-say you could get back to them later with an answer
-state that you're not familiar with that info

What are the points of an outline?

-transitions
-main points
-subpoints
-sub-sub points
-equal support
-coordination of indentation levels and symbols

Types of transitions

Directional: used to move between main points
Signpost: alert the audience to the exact location in the presentation (in summary, the first cause, the most important point)
Internal Preview: lie in main points and show the reader what is ahead
Internal Review: lie in main points and reiterate what has already been said

How can a speaker enhance their credibility?

use a credibility statement, describe previous experience and education, why they're an expert

How can a speaker undermine their credibility?

giving inaccurate information, not citing sources

Logos

Logical appeal, appeals to a person's intelligence. Use of inductive or deductive reasoning to support claims they made in their speech, use evidence like statistics and direct quotes to strengthen their points

Ethos

Establishes the credibility of a speaker. It's made up of expertise and trustworthiness. Could involve a discussion of what makes the speaker qualified to speak about the topic, the actual delivery of the speech, and evidence of their qualifications.

Pathos

The emotional approach, used to appeal to the emotional side of people. The speaker may choose emotional language, gestures, tone, and stories to go along with the speech to convey passion to the audience.

What is an informatory speech?

An informatory speech seeks to create awareness about a certain issue. This type of presentation will introduce new information to the audience that they probably didn't know before.

What is an explanatory speech?

This type of presentation will take it a step further than informatory. The speaker will assume that the audience already has some prior knowledge of the topic, and they will be able to go more in depth about the topic.

Why are visual aids important?

They allow the audience to better understand a topic through something other than words. They give a graphical representation or information that could aid in the understanding of a subject.

Why do speakers use visual aids in presentations?

Visual aids have been proven to increase the clarity of the message, increase audience retention, and overall effectiveness of the speaker.

Pie Chart

can be used to compare parts of a whole, show how the different parts of something can go together

Bar chart

can easily show the comparison between different items. Can help show ranking, and is a snapshot in time.

Line chart

can show the change in one item over time to compare variation or recognize and identify any trends

What are the types of fallacies?

Straw person
Red herring
Slippery slope
Ad hominem
False analogy

Straw person

misrepresents a person or organization by substituting then with a distorted version

Red herring

a method in which an irrelevant topic will be brought into discussion to distract from the real issue

Slippery slope

asserts that some action will inevitably lead to a chain of events that end in a certain result. One step will lead to a disastrous outcome.

Ad hominem

an irrelevant personal attack against a specific person or group rather than their argument

False analogy

makes a comparison between two objects that seem to have similar characteristics but are actually different in that area (caffeine addicts are no better than alcoholics)

What is inoculation theory

this theory is based on the idea of when a person is inoculated.vaccinated against a certain disease, they will be injected with it to increase their immunity. Consequently, when a person who is attempting to convince an audience of a certain POV on an issue brings up the opposing POV and refutes it, the audience is less likely to succumb to the opposite POV.

What are the qualities of effective speech delivery?

Maintain a conversational tone, seem approachable make eye contact with audience

Deliver the speech in a natural way, like you would usually speak

Vary your inflections, volume, and pitch

Enhance the message and make it easier for the audience to understand, correct pronunciation, clear speech, etc

What are the different types of speech organizational patterns?

chronological
problem solution
topical
causal

Chronological

organizes the material in an ordered sequence. Follows a timeline, steps, process, usually used in historical speeches or instructional

Problem Solution

demonstrates a problem to the audience and then proposes a solution, usually used in persuasive or informative speeches

Topical

structures that don't fall into other categories, organized by topics and subtopics

Causal

establishes a cause and effect relationship between 2 factors

What are the different types of presentations?

News
Persuasive
Informative
Asynchronous
Instructional
Quasi-Scientific

News

reports on current events or recent phenomenon from a certain area

Persuasive

a speaker will attempt to convince the audience and influence them to change their beliefs on a subject

Informative

provide understanding on a topic and convey information about it to the audience

Asynchronous

not always viewed at the same time as it was given, so it could be recorded for viewing at a later time

Instructional

shows the audience the step by step process of how to perform a certain procedure

Quasi-scientific

a presentation relating to a scientific field or phenomenon. More academically focused than other presentations, and geared toward a different audience

What are the different types of delivery methods?

impromptu
manuscript
memorized
extemporaneous

impromptu

little or no time for advanced preparation

manuscript

usually used when wording is important, basically reads off of an exact script word for word

memorized

an entire copy of the speech will be written out and then memorized

extemporaneous

method is prepared and practiced, but not word for word. Memorizes main ideas, can come across as conversational and flexible, respond to audience

What are the different types of gestures in nonverbal language

adaptors
illustrators
emblems

adaptors

reveal things about how we're feeling and our internal state, could convey anxiety, excitement, etc

illustrators

most common, are used to enhance and accompany the verbal message, but can't be used without words

emblems

gestures that can be directly translated into verbal language (peace sign, thumbs up, etc)

Question of fact

used in persuasive speeches to propose a theory and convince the audience that it can be accepted as fact

Question of value

can be used in persuasive speeches, and discuss whether something is right or wrong. can imply actions, but aren't a call to action

Question of policy

the speaker will attempt to convince the audience to go against the status quo and change policies that are in place

Question of intent

can be used in campaign speeches, a speaker will lay out promises to the audience that they intend to "keep"

Know the general purposes of a presentation

inform
persuade
entertain

inform

give an audience information on a topic that they previously knew little about

persuade

convince an audience to accept what you're saying as fact

entertain

should be interesting to audiences and keep their attention for the length of the presentation

What is efficacy?

this method can be used in persuasive speeches and can accompany a specific appeal. It is used to make the audience feel as if they can accomplish necessary tasks, so the speaker can produce the intended result. (make the audience aware of steps they can take to quit smoking)

How should you orally cite sources?

include the title, author, date, and the author's credentials/title of publication

What is an elevator pitch

a way to quickly convince an audience of something. for example, you could convince an employer to hire you, or explain the importance of giving blood

What is self-plagiarism?

the act of recycling one's work without citing the fact that it was used previously. reusing old phrases and paragraphs.