Lecture 18 HN204

lymph definition

Interstitial fluid that has entered initial lymphatic vessels

lymph nodes

along collecting lymph vessels

500 in body

filtration and immune activation

lymphoid tissue

primary and secondary lymphoid tissues

primary lymphoid tissues

bone marrow and thymus

secondary lymphoid tissues

spleen. lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, aggregated lymph nodules (Peyer's patches)

thymus

Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature.

spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches)

clusters of lymphoid follicles in ileum (distal part) of small intestine

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

red bone marrow

produces blood cells, b cells originate and mature here

lymph capillaries are close to

circulating capillaries

fluid in blood is called

plasma

fluid in the tissue called

interstitial

fluid in the lymph vessels is called

lymph

2 types of pressure at the capillaries

hydrostatic and osmotic

hydrostatic

pressure exerted by liquid at rest

strongest

osmotic pressure

caused by albumin, draws fluid in

lymphatic pathway

lymphatic capillary

collecting lymphatic vessel

lymph node

larger lymphatic vessel

converges into lymphatic trunk

collecting duct

subclavian vein and internal jugular vein via the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

lymph node clusters

cervical, axillary, inguinal, tracheobronchial, aortic, and iliac

what is drained by the right lymphatic duct

right upper side of the body (shoulder, arm, chest)

what is drained by the left lymphatic duct

everything except right upper side of body

pathway from right jugular trunk

right jugular trunk

right lymphatic trunk

right subclavian vein

pathway from right subclavian trunk

right subclavian trunk

right lymphatic duct

right subclavian vein

pathway from right bronchomediastinal trunk

right bronchomediastinal trunk

right lymphatic duct

right subclavian vein

pathway from right lumbar trunk

right lumbar trunk

cisterna chyli

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

pathway from left jugular trunk

left jugular trunk

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

left subclavian trunk

left subclavian trunk

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

left bronchomediastinal trunk

left bronchomediastinal trunk

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

left lumbar trunk

left lumbar trunk

cisterna chyli

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.

pitting edema

indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue

sign of liver disease

not enough albumen

albumin

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood by draining capillaries

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

swollen lymph nodes called bubos

lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

chyle

white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

Lymphangitis

inflammation of lymph vessels

lymphoid follicles

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

lymphocytes

2 types

b lymphocytes

t lymphocytes

b lymphocytes

B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

t lymphocytes

T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

mucosa associated lymph tissue MALT

part of the lymphatic system that monitors and produces an immune response against pathogens passing with food through the GI tract

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

filariasis

infection of the blood and tissues of healthy individuals by worm embryos or filariae

elephantiasis

results from blockage of lymphatic vessels that causes extreme tissue edema

effector cells

Muscle cells or gland cells that carry out the body's response to stimuli.

memory cells

General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose

nostril

one of the two channels of the nose

cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

inferior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

middle nasal conchae

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity

superior nasal conchae

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity

nasal meatuses

irregularly shaped pockets or air spaces in the nasal cavity

para nasal sinuses

air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

circoid cartilage

inferior to thyroid cartilage, ring of hyaline cartilage that attached larynx to trachea. reinforces wall of larynx

larynx

voice box

trachea

windpipe

carina of trachea

Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi

primary bronchi

The first branches of the trachea. There are two primary bronchi, one for each lung.

lobar bronchi

bronchial passageways connecting the mainstem bronchi with individual lobes of the lungs

segmental bronchi

Airways leading into specific lung segments.

bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

lobes of the left lung

superior and inferior

lobes of the right lung

superior, middle, inferior

lungs parietal pleura

most superficial layer; lines thoracic wall

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

diaphragm origin

xiphoid process of sternum, lower 6 costal cartilages, first 3 lumbar vertebrae, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

diaphragm insertion

central tendon

diaphragm action

contraction expands thoracic cavity, inhalation

relaxation leads to exhalation

diaphragm innervation

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

eupnea

normal breathing

apnea

dypnea

difficulty breathing

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, lung Dz commonly seen in smokers

surfactant

chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

atelectasis

collapsed lung

air between pleural layers can cause

Pneumothorax, collapsed lung