ANA101 - Lesson 1 : Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

____________________ studies the structure and shape of the body and its parts. It answers to “what?” and observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

Anatomy

__________________ studies the functions of those body parts. It answers to “how?” and structure determines which functions can occur

Physiology

What are the 4 anatomical approaches?
1.
2.
3.
4.

1. Systemic

2. Regional/Topographic

3. Macroscopic/Gross

4. Microscopic

________________ is a type of anatomical approach that focuses on BY SYSTEM

Examples:
Circulatory system
Integumentary system

Systemic

_________________ is a type of anatomical approach that focuses on BY AREA

Examples:
Abdomen
Upper limb
lower limb
back

Regional/topographic

_______________ is a type of anatomical approach that focuses on large body structures that can be seen by the naked eye

Examples:
Bones
Lungs
Heart

Macroscopic/Gross

_______________ is a type of anatomical approach that focuses on structures that CANNOT be seen by the naked eye or can only be viewed using a microscope

Examples:
Cells
Tissue

Microscopic

What are the 5 Levels of Structural organization?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

What is the specific order in levels of structural organization?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Organs

6. Organ systems

7. Organism

________________ is the level of structural organization wherein atoms combine to form molecules

Chemical level

_________________ is the level of structural organization wherein cells are made up of molecules

Cellular level

_________________ is the level of structural organization wherein tissues consist of similar types of cells

Tissue level

__________________ is the level of structural organization wherein organs are made up of different types of tissues

Organ level

_________________ is the level of structural organization wherein organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ system level

What are the different systems inside of our body?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

1. Respiratory system

2. Urinary system

3. Nervous system

4. Muscular system

5. Reproductive system

6. Skeletal system

7. Lymphatic system

8. Integumentary system

9. Digestive system

10. Endocrine system

11. Cardiovascular system

_______________________ is the level of structural organization wherein human organisms are made up of many organ systems

Organismal level

The ______________________ is the organ system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.

Organs: ____________, ___________, ________________

Integumentary system
Hair
Skin
Fingernails

The _____________________ is the organ system that protect and supports body organs as well as provides a framework that muscles use to cause movement. It is also WHERE BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED

Organs: _____________, _______________, ______________

Skeletal system
Cartilages
Joints
Bones

The ____________________ is the organ system that allows the manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. It also aids in maintaining posture and producing heat

Organs: ______________________

Muscular system
Skeletal muscles

Muscles are connected to the bones by ______________

Tendons

The __________________ is the organ system that responds to stimulus or the changes in the environment. It is known as the FAST-ACTING CONTROLLING SYSTEM.

Organs: ___________, ____________, ___________________, _____________

Nervous system
Brain
Sensory receptor
Spinal cord
Nerves

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
1.
2.

1. Central Nervous system

2. Peripheral nervous system

________________ contains the brain and the spinal cord

Central nervous sytem

____________________ contains the sensory receptors

Peripheral nervous system

The _______________________ is the organ system that is made up of GLANDS that secrete HORMONES. It is similar with nervous system, but a SLOW-ACTING CONTROLLING SYSTEM.

Organs: ______________, ______________, ____________

Endocrine system
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary

_____________________ regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrients used by body cells

Hormones

The ____________________ is the organ system that delivers OXYGEN and NUTRIENTS.

Organs: ______________, _______________

Cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood vessels

The ___________________ is the organ system responsible for housing WHITE BLOOD CELLS. It picks up and returns leaked fluids to the blood. It is known as the IMMUNE SYSTEM

Organs: ______________, ___________, ______________, ________________, ___________

Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
spleen
tonsils
thymus

The __________________ is the organ system that keeps blood supplied with oxygen. It eliminates carbon dioxide.

Organs: ____________

Respiratory
Lungs

The _________________ is the organ system responsible for ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion. It eliminates INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL as FECES.

Organs: _____________

Digestive system
Stomach

The ________________ is the organ system that eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body as URINE. It regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Organs: _________________, ________________, _______________

Urinary system
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Urethra

The _______________ is the organ system that aids in producing offspring

Reproductive system

____________________ is the only organ which grows as a person ages

Prostate gland

What are the Body mechanisms?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement

3. Responsiveness

4. Digestion

5. Metabolism

6. Excretion

7. Reproduction

8. Growth

The _____________________ body mechanism separates the inside from the outside.

System involved: _______________

Maintaining boundaries
Integumentary

The ________________ body mechanism focuses on the locomotion and movement of substances

Systems involved: _______________, _______________, ________________, _______________, __________________

Movement
Muscular
Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Urinary

The ______________ body mechanism focuses on the irritability or the ability to sense changes and react

System involved: _______________

Responsiveness
Nervous

The ___________________ body mechanism is responsible in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients

System involved: __________________

Digestion
Digestive

The __________________ body mechanism is focused on the chemical reactions within the body

System involved: ________________, ______________, _______________

Metabolism
Digestive
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Endocrine

What are the 2 types of Metabolism?
1.
2.

1. Anabolism

2. Catabolism

The ________________ body mechanism eliminates excreta from metabolic reactions through urine, feces, or sweat

System involved: ___________ and __________________

Excretion
Digestive
Urinary

The ________________ body mechanism is for the creation of new cells or offspring

Systems involved: ________________ and __________________

Reproduction
Reproductive
Endocrine

The _______________________ body mechanism is where hormones play a major role in the increase of cell or body size through increasing the number of cell

System involved: ________________

Growth
Endocrine

What are the 5 survival needs?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Nutrients

2. Oxygen

3. Water

4. Normal body temperature

5. Atmospheric pressure

____________________ are the chemicals used for energy and cell building

Nutrients

_______________________ are required for chemical reactions. It is made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Without this, human cells will die after a few minutes

Oxygen

__________________________ is 60-80% of body weight and is the most abundant in the body. It provides a fluid base for body secretions and excretions

Water

________ is the most optimal body temperature

37 degrees

When temperature reaches BELOW 37 degrees, _______________ happens wherein chemical reactions slow or stop

vasoconstriction

When temperature reaches ABOVE 37 degrees, ____________________ happens wherein chemical reactions are too rapid

vasodilation

________________________ must be appropriate for gas exchange. If the altitude is high, the gas exchange is too slow to support the cellular metabolism.

HIGH ALTITUDE = LOW AIR PRESSURE = LESS OXYGEN

Atmospheric pressure

______________ is the STANDARD body position

Supine

How do you do the standard body position?
S
E
A
P
F

Stand erect
eyes and face forward
Arms at the side
Palms forward
Feet flat

_____________________ is a self-regulating process. It maintains all balance in the body interior. It is the dynamic state of EQUILIBRIUM. It maintains internal stability while adjusting to external conditions.

Homeostasis

_______________ and _______________ are the controlling systems of homeostasis

Nervous
Endocrine

______________________ is what you call the disturbance in homeostasis

Homeostatic imbalance

What are the 3 control mechanisms?
1.
2.
3.

1. Receptor

2. Control center

3. Effector

______________ senses changes and responds to changes in the environment. It sends information to control center along an afferent pathway

Receptor

____________________ is the integration center that determines set point. It analyzes information and determines appropriate response.

Control center

_____________________ provides a means for response to the stimulus. Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathyway

Effector

2 types of feedback mechanisms:
1.
2.

1. Negative feedback

2. Positive feedback

_________________________ negate or reduces the amount of change. It includes MOST homeostatic control mechanisms. It has an ANTAGONISTIC relationship between receptor and effector

Negative Feedback

___________________________ increases the amount of change. It is rare in the human body. It continues or promotes the condition that is present.

Examples: Blood clotting and Giving birth

Positive feedback

Process of Homeostasis:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. Stimulus

2. Receptor

3. Input

4. Control center

5. Output

6. Response