running on caffeine

flexion

movement that decreases the angle between 2 body parts

extension

increasing the angle between 2 body parts

adduction

movement of a limb towards midline of the body

abduction

limb away from the midline

pronation

rotation of forearm and hand so the palm is down

supination

rotation so the palm is up

dorsiflexion

backward bending/ raising of foot

plantar flexion

where the top of your foot points down and away from your leg

rotation

movement around longitudinal axis and transverse plan

eversion

moving to sole away from the mediay so the sole faces a lateral direction (outward)

innversion

sole faces toward the median plane

orgin

immovable/ stationary attachment of muscle. Ex: biceps originate @ scapula

Insertion

movable attachment of muscle

Ex: bicep inserts at radius

prime mover/agonist

muscle that performs most of the work

Antagonist

Muscle who’s action is opposite of another

Ex: biceps and triceps

Synergist

muscle who’s actions are the same

Ex: quads and hamstring

Rectus

“Straight:, parallel muscle fibers

Twich

single stimulus, contraction and relaxation sequence. vary in length of time depening on muscle.

Treppe

continuous stimulation of a muscle with an increase in tension after each stimulation (not all Ca+ is reabsorbed)

Tetanus

Maximum contraction, no relaxation, caused by fast, and repeated action potentials

Isotonic

contraction of a muscle resulting in movement

Isometric

contraction of a muscle with no movement

Tension does not exceed the load

Ex: pushing on a wall

Oxygen Debt

the amount of oxygen required to restore pre-exercise conditions.

Myoglobin

Stores oxygen in muscles

Lactic acid

produced during anaerobic metabolism and causes muscle fatigue.

processed by the liver

Cell respiration equation

C₆ H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O+Heat+36 ATP

Aerobic Respiration

metabolic pathway utilizing oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

metabolic pathway where oxygen is not utilized and leads to lactic acid production.

Fast fibers

most common muscle fiber type

large fibers, few mitochondria, with a lot of glycogen

Contract fast with power but fatigue rapidly

Slow fibers

small fibers with numerous mitochondria, contain myoglobin, contraction is slower and fatigue resistant

Intermediate fibers

similar to fast fibers but have a better blood supply and are more resistant to fatigue

Atrophy

Reduction in muscle size, tone and power caused by lack of stimulation

Hypertrophy

enlargement of a muscle caused by repeated stimulation

Increase the number of myofibrils, mitochondria, glycogen and glycolytic enzymes

First class lever

A lever which the folecrum lies between the applied force and the load

Ex: a seesaw, head and spine

Second Class lever

lever which the load is located between the applied force and folecrum

Ex: plantar flexion

Third Class lever

most common, a lever where the applied force is located between the load and folecrum

Intramuscular Injection sites

1) Deltoid

2) “Quads” Vastus leteralis

3) Gluteus Medius