Science

MACRO means

large

Macromolecules are __________________ that are critically important to all living things.

large molecules

Monomers

one unit of a macromolecule

polymers

a strand of many monomers

poly =

many

mer =

parts

Dehydration Macromolecules

removing a molecule of water to create a bond

Hydrolysis

adding a molecule of water to break a bond

What are the four types of macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Names of Carbohydrate elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Monomers of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

1 sugar

Disaccharides

2 sugars

Polysaccharides

many sugars

Carbohydrate foods

Candy, fruits, pasta, bread, etc.

Lipid elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipid common parts

glycerol and fatty acids

Lipid functions

energy storage, forms cell membranes, body insulation

Lipid examples

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

Triglyceride (Fats)

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Saturated

solid at room temperature

Unsaturated

liquid at room temperature

Phospholipids

forms the cell membrane

Lipid foods

vegetable oil, olive oil, coconut oil, butter, cheese, meats (bacon), avacado, nuts, etc.

Protein elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Protein monomers

amino acids

Protein functions

contraction, cell transport, enzymes

Protein examples

insulin, keratin, melanin

Protein structure

20 amino acids that can link together to form protiens

Protein foods

meats, nuts, eggs, beans, etc.

Nucleic acids elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

nucleic acid monomers

nucleotides

nucleic acid functions

storing and transmitting instructions to make proteins

nucleic acids examples

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base.

DNA

double stranded, Living things are based on a genetic code

RNA

single stranded

Cellular Organization

All living things are made of cells

Metabolism

Living organisms carry out chemical reactions to obtain energy

Homeostasis

Organisms maintain a stable internal enviroment

Growth and Development

Organisms grow and undergo development through various stages.

Reproduction

Living organisms can reproduce and pass on genetic information

Response to Stimuli

Organisms respond to enviromental changes

Adaptation through Evolution

Species evolve over time through adaptations

Atoms

Basic building blocks of matter

Molecules

Combinations of atoms (e.g., DNA, proteins.)

Cells

Basic unit of life

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing a specific function

Organs

Structures made of different tissues

Organ Systems

Groups of organs working together

Organisms

Individual living entities

Populations

Groups of organisms of the same species in an area

Communities

Different populations living together

Ecosystems

Communities and their physical enviroments

Biomes

Large areas with similar climate and organisms

Biosphere

The global sum of all ecosystems.

Abiotic

Non-living things

Biotic

living things

Homeostasis example

Sweat when body overheats, shiver when it is cold

Ecology

the study of relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in enviroments

Biology

the study of life

8 characteristics of life

Reproduction, Cells, Genetic Material, Evolution/Adaptation, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Growth/Development

Unicellular

made up of ONE cell

Multicellular

made up of MORE than one cell

Asexual reproduction

Requires only one parent

Sexual reproduction

Requires two parents

How much water is in our human body

Your body consists of up to 75%

Water is made of which 3 atoms

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom

Polar

unequal sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bonds

The unequal sharing of electrons gives water the ability to make weak attractions to other water molecules

Cohesion

The tendency of water molecules to stick together because of hydrogen bonding

Adhesion

Water molecules sticking to something other than water due to attraction of charges

Capillary Action

The tendency of water to move along the surface of a substance due to adhesion. Water molecules “pull” each other up.

Surface Tension

A special form of cohesion that causes the surface of water to resist rupture.(the reason why certain insects can walk on water)

Universal Solvent

Water can dissolve many substances due to the partial changes within the water molecule

High Specific Heat

Specific heat is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of water.

Polarity

Water has partial positive and negative charges due to unequal sharing of electrons

Hydrophillic

Substances that dissolve in water (water loving)

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not dissolve in water (water fearing)

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Chemical reactions

changing substances by breaking and forming bonds (includes hydrolysis and dehydration reactions) - requires energy to occur

Activation energy

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction (its like a push to get things started)

reactant

the substances changed during a chemical reaction

(goes into the process)

Product

the substances made by a chemcial reaction

(goes out the process)

1st step for enzymes

the reactant (substrate) binds to a special part of the enzyme called the active site

2nd step for enzymes

The reaction takes place (making or breaking bonds)

3rd steps for enzymes

the product is realized from the enzyme remains unchanged

Active site

The specific part of an enzyme where a substrate binds

Enzyme releases ____________

product

Denaturation

is when environment conditions cause the enzyme to lose it’s shape and no longer work

Temperature

will increase the rate of a reaction until the temperature is too high and denature the enzyme

pH levels

is too low or high will cause an enzyme to denature

Inhibitors

can bind to an enzyme and prevent the substrate from properly binding

Enzymes are this kind of macromolecule

protein

Enzymes ______ chemical reactions

speed up

Enzymes lower something called _______

activation energy

What is the name of the reactant that binds to the enzyme

substrate

If an enzyme is denatured, it means that it loses its _____

shape

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat energy required to change water to a gas

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used.