Unit 5 APUSH - Terms, People, and Events

Based on the reading guides and their questions

Factors causing economic growth after the end of the Civil War

Lots of nat resources, more labor, expansion of manufactured goods, more Capital available, and federal government help

Ways the federal government promoted economic growth after the Civil War

Had high tariffs, gave land to railroad companies, used the army to move Indians to make more room for farms and mining

Elements of modern industrial economy

Industrial cities, more railroads, commerical farming, national market for manufactured goods, more production, large nat brands, chains, and mail-order firms

Tech that arose during Gilded Age

Atlantic cable (overseas telegraph), telephone, typewriter, handheld camera, lightbulb, motion pictures, ELECTRICITY - Edison!!!

Pools

Divided markets between supposedly competing firms and fixed prices

Trusts

Affairs of several rival companies managed by one director

Corporations

Ate up companies, served national markets, had GREAT CONTROL; dominated industries

Vertical integration

Company controlling every phase of business, from raw materials to transport, manufacturing, and distribution

Horizontal expansion

Corporation acquires or merges with competitors

Robber Barons

Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller; “captains of industry”; pushed economy forward and wielder power w/o any accountability; power without democratic control

Class division during Gilded Age

Became more visible; rich lived in better places and lived lavishly, middle class was in urban and suburban neighborhoods, upper class had way more land while urban poor had bad conditions

Gilded Age

Meant covered by a layer of gold that hides a lesser value; deceptive; economic expansion but had corruption and oppression

American view on concentration of wealth during Gilded Age

Felt is was inevitable, natural, and justified by progress

Social Darwinism

Meant evolution was natural in society; the government must not interfere b/c those at the bottom didn’t need to be helped and those at the top were just better adapted to the environment

Free Labor during the Gilded Age

A negative definition of freedom arose; free labor transformed from broad equality and harmony to a defense of unrestrained operations in the capitalist marketplace

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The shift to the great labor question; workers protested a pay cut, militia forced them to work, troops killed workers,l showed ties between Republicans and industrialists

Knights of Labor

1st group to try and organize workers, created labor union and strikes, boycotts, etc. Attacked ideas of Social Darwinism and liberty of contract

Socialism

the belief that private control of econ. enterprises should be replaced by public ownership for fair wealth distribution

Social Gospel Movement

centered around ideas practiced by lib. Protestant clergymen; advocated for application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialism

Haymarket Affair

Violence during an anarchist protest in Chicago, 1886; death, trial of anarchist leader, employers used opportunity to make the labor movement look bad

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis

Argued that on the western frontier, the distinctive qualities of American culture were forged; West gave dissatisfied ppl in East a place to go, helping against conflict in East; portrayed West as empty for settlers

Fed. Gov involvement in Western Incorporation

Acquired Indian land through war and treaty; sold land, regulated territorial politics, financed irrigation, etc.

Methods used to destroy Plains Indians

Economy was destroyed, horses, buffalo; also, army campaigns and depredations of hunters

Battle of Little Bighorn

Sioux and Cheyenne beat an outnumbered army while defending tribal land in Dakota; took a long time to surrendur

Dawes Act effects

Attached tribalism, broke up tribal holdings into small farms, led to loss of tribal land and less Indian culture; however, helped white people b/c they could buy and settle land

Wounded Knee Massacre

Last incident in Indian Wars in Dakota territory; US cavalry killed lots of Sioux; meant to suppress Ghost Dance, applauded in press

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Corruption during Grant’s presidency by Credit Mobilier; inner right of union Pacific Stockholders; let participants sign contracts w themselves to make profits to build the new line; produced by distribution of stock to influential politicians

Civil Service Act of 1883

Created a merit system for federal employees with appointment via competitive exams; marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing power from political machines

Interstate Commerce Commission

Was meant to respond to public outcries against railroad practices and ensure rates were reasonable; had not enough power or impact

Sherman Antitrust Act

Was meant to Ban combinations and practices restricting free trade; posed a threat to corporate efforts, established precedent that gov could regulate the economy for public good

Farmers’ Alliance early 1800s

became the People’s Party (Populists); wanted to speak for all of producing class; base in South and West; built on the Farmer's’ Alliance, wanted freedom(ownership of productive property and dignity of Labor) over large corporations.

Populist beliefs

Fall of large corporations, wanted subtreasury plan, lower mortgage interest, and free coinage of silver to help the little man

McKinley’s Election Significance

1896; carried the NE and Midwest; shattered political stalemate; democrats wouldn’t be the majority party for a long time, large voter turnout

Redeemers

Coalition of merchants, planters, and entrepreneurs; moved to undo Reconstruction, destroyed black Ed in South, made new laws, more racial crimes, etc

Southern economy during this time

Dependent on North; sunk into poverty, less industry, low development, mostly cotton, little skilled labor; Black middle class grew b/c they could take land and farm —> diverse Black urban communities

Kansas Exodus

40k-60k Blacks migrated to Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of the bad southern economy, wanted true freedom

Booker T Washington

Educated former slaves, believed we should not fight segregation; felt blacks should adjust in order to get aid from whites; had support b/c people felt confronting whites was too hard

Segregation and discrimination

Lots of poll taxes, laws, lit tests, grandfather clauses, etc to get rid of the Black vote from 1890-1906, defied 14th amendment; Plessy v ferguson allowed “equal” segregation; Chinese werealso discriminated against, especially in Cali, Mexicans in Texas

Chinese Exclusion Act

Abrogated Burlingame Treaty; excluded CN immigrants; had to carry ID —> some had fakes or refused; demanded more rights, SCOTUS eventually gave them rights to make a living and have birthright citizenship

American Federation of Labor

Wanted to negotiate with employers for better wages and conditions, “freedom of contract” (part of laissez-faire economics, meant groups made contracts without government restriction)

Women’s Era

Began in 1890s, 3 decades during which women had more opportunities

Carrie Chapman Cat and Nat. American Women Suffrage Association

Supported nativism and racism; wanted white women to vote to counteract growing foreign vote; against 2nd Reconstruction; blamed slum vote for not having rights

Muckrakers

Writers that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, businesses, meat packing, child labor, etc; mostly in early 20th century; “History of the Standard Oil COmpany”

Pull and Push factors for America

Pull: poverty, religious persecution, poli/gov instability, bad econ, taxation without good education; pull: jobs, US means freedom

Mass consumerism in the progressive era

more department stores, chain stores, retail, transport, etc; led to new understanding of freedom around the access to a surplus of goods because of capitalism; more leisure activities introduced during the time; WOmen had more jobs, participated in consumerism

Living Wage and American Standard of Living

Idea that US workers were entitled to a wage high enough to participate in mass consumption econ

Progressive beliefs

Wanted to humanize industrial capitalism and find a common ground in society w labor conflicts and mass immigration; felt political authority should be fundamentally rethought; wanted less large corp power, to protect consumers, civilize the marketplace, and guarantee industrial freedom in the workplace

Socialist party platform

Progressive reforms, women’s suffrage, free higher education, improved labor conditions, democratic control of the economy via ownership of railroads and factories

Collective Bargaining

Right claimed by responsible unions; negotiations between an employer and employee to regulate working conditions; employers didn’t view unions as having this right

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Fought for civil liberties; “wobblies” solidarity was the main guiding principle; extended hand to all wage workers; wanted to include ALL; used strikes, posters, boycotts, etc

Feminism in the Progressive Era

Women’s emancipation as a human being and sex being; uncomfy conversations in the media —> reproductive rights, homosexuals, sexual freedom, personal independence and freedom

Society of American Indians

Wanted to promote discussion of the plight of Natives w/hope that public exposure would help bring justice

Pragmatism

Philosophical movement in the late 19th century; wanted institutions and social policies to be judged by their practical effects and not longevity or ideology; new approach to social conflict for progressivism

Oregon System

Initiative: reform allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws instead of state legislatures (Direct Legislation); Referendum: Era’s reform that allowed public policies to be submitted by popular vote; Recall: reform that allowed the removal of public officials by pop vote

17th Amendment

Required senators to be voted directly by voters

Jane Addams

Progressive Era’s most influential female reformer; broke stereotypes, founded Chicago Hull House - settlement to improve poor immigrant lives

Idea of economic citizenship

Belief that full participation in democracy requires poll rights, economic security, and fair labor conditions

Theodore Roosevelt

Believed in engagement in foreign/Dom affairs, The Square Deal, no monopolies. Passed square deal, dissolved northern securities, Hepburn act, pure food and drug act, meat inspection act

Howard Taft

Had progressive views on modern gov implementation, conservative; passed paine-aldrich tarrif, ratified 16th amendment, declared JDR oil monopoly in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act

Woodrow Wilson

Feared too powerful gov, “new freedom”, own form of progressiveness, “industrial freedom”; passed underwood tariff, Clayton act, Keating Owen act, Adamson act, warehouse act, federal reserve system, and federal trade commission