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Polymer
Molecule made up of smaller units (monomers).
Monomer
Single unit that makes up a polymer.
Dimer
Molecule made up of two monomers.
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar, single monomers (e.g., glucose).
Disaccharide
Simple sugar made of two monomers (e.g., sucrose).
Polysaccharide
Complex sugar made of many monomers (e.g., starch, glycogen).
Amino acid
20 different types, simple molecules that make up proteins.
Polypeptide
Chain of amino acids joined together (another word for protein).
Balanced diet
Contains correct amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Energy expenditure
Influenced by body mass, age, body size, and activity levels.
Energy requirements
Measured in kilojoules (kJ) to maintain body temperature and support internal processes.
Components of a balanced diet
Water, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, lipids, fibre, protein.
Calorimeter
A device for accurately measuring the energy content of food.
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used as a source of energy.
Monosaccharides
Single sugar units (e.g., glucose).
Disaccharides
Two sugar units (e.g., sucrose).
Polysaccharides
Many sugar units (e.g., starch).
Fibre
Indigestible part of plant foods that aids digestion.
Proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; essential for growth and repair.
Lipids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provide energy and store vitamins.
Water
Essential for survival; involved in many bodily functions.
Vitamins
Complex chemicals needed in small quantities for health.
Minerals
Inorganic elements needed in small amounts for specific body functions.
Food tests
Methods to identify the presence of starch, glucose, lipids, and proteins.
Energy calculation formula
Energy content (J/g) = (Temperature difference (°C) × Mass of water (g) × 4.2 (J/°C)) / Mass of food (g).
