Quality Management Principles and Tools

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and tools related to Quality Management, including Six Sigma, Lean methodologies, team dynamics, and various analytical tools.

Six Sigma

A methodology focused on reducing variation and defects in a process.

Lean

An approach aimed at eliminating waste and improving flow.

DMAIC

The five phases of Six Sigma: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control.

TPS

Stands for Toyota Production System.

Lean Six Sigma

A combination of Lean and Six Sigma methodologies.

Six Sigma belt levels

Hierarchy in Six Sigma including White, Yellow, Green, Black, and Master Black Belt.

Project roles

Roles in projects such as Sponsor and Project Manager.

Team-development stages

The five stages of team development: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Transforming.

1.5 sigma shift

A correction for long-term process drift in Six Sigma.

6σ

Indicates 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).

Sigma level

A measure of the baseline process capability.

Brainstorming

A technique to generate many ideas without judgment.

NGT

Nominal Group Technique; structured idea prioritization.

Multi-voting

A method used to narrow down a long list of ideas.

5 fundamentals of quality

Customer focus, prevention, continuous improvement, employee involvement, and fact-based decisions.

Quality

The measure of meeting customer requirements consistently.

Cost of quality categories

Include Prevention, Appraisal, Internal Failure, and External Failure.

Check Sheet

A structured data-collection tool.

Histogram

A graph that shows data distribution.

Pareto Chart

A chart used to identify the vital few causes in the 80/20 rule.

Fishbone Diagram

A tool used for root-cause identification.

Scatter Plot

A chart that shows relationships between variables.

Run Chart

A chart showing performance trends over time.

Control Chart

A tool used to detect process stability and variation.

Problem statement questions

What, Where, When, and Impact.

VOC

Voice of the Customer.

CTQ

Critical to Quality; a measurable requirement.

Stakeholder analysis

The process of identifying and managing those affected by a project.

Stakeholder ranking criteria

Criteria used to rank stakeholders based on their Power and Interest.

SIPOC

Supplier, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customer; a tool used in defining processes.

Project charter

A document that defines the scope, goals, roles, and alignment of a project.

RACI chart

A matrix used to clarify who does what in a project.

Responsible

The person who does the work in a project.

Accountable

The person who owns the outcome of a task.

Consulted

Individuals who provide input on a project.

Informed

Individuals who are kept updated on a project.

Affinity Diagram

A tool used to group similar ideas or themes.

Critical Path

The longest sequence of dependent tasks in a project.

Measures of central tendency

Mean, Median, and Mode.

Measures of spread

Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation.

FMEA

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis; identifies potential failures and prioritizes them.

RCA

Root Cause Analysis; a method for identifying the root cause of issues.

5 Whys

A technique used to dig to the root cause of a problem.

Data distribution shapes

Normal, Skewed, and Bimodal shapes of data.

Type I error

Also known as a false positive.

Type II error

Also known as a false negative.

Significance level

Typically set at 0.05 in statistical tests.

Goal of the Improve phase

To implement solutions that address validated root causes.

PICK chart

A tool for ranking solutions based on effort and impact.

Pilot test

A small-scale trial run to test a solution.

Future-State Map

A redesigned process map showing improvements.

Update FMEA in Improve

To evaluate the risks associated with the new process.

Goal of the Control phase

To sustain improvements and prevent regression.

Control Plan

A document that specifies how a process is monitored.

Update SOPs

To institutionalize the improved process.

Control charts

Tools used to monitor the stability of an improved process over time.