final

Heterotroph

Heterotroph

________: derives all nutrition from complex organic substances.

ATP

The molecules in the inner bag of the mitochrondria do what: create an electron transport chain that enables ________ production.

Thylakoids

________: conversion of light to chemical energy.where chlorophyl is located.

Electromagnetic spectrum

________: range of energy within a ray of light that is organized into different wavelengths.

Photons

________ are organized into: waves.

Autotroph

________: organism that is able to produce nutrional substances from inorganic substances.

Cellular respiration

________: organisms release energy stored from the chemical bonds of food molecules they eat (or sugar they produce in photosynthesis) and use it as fuel.

Regeneration

_: some molecules of G3P are used to _ the original organic molecule, using energy from ATP.

mitochondrial matrix

Inside the mitcochondrion, material can lie in one of two spaces: intermembrane space, ________.

enzyme rubisco

Fixation: the ________ plucks carbon atoms one at a time, from CO2 molecules in the air, attaching them to an organic molecule.

Photoautotrophs

________: uses sunlight to produce nutrional substances.

Photosynthesis

________: plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds to make sugars and other food molecules.

Thermodynamics

________: the study of tranformation of energy from one type to another.

Sugar creation

________: the organic molecule is modified into a small sugar called G3P, using energy from ATP and NADPH.

Stomata

_: carbon dioxide enters a plant through _, but water can be lost through the same openings.

bonds of ATP

Where do cells store energy: in the ________ molecules, the usable form of energy for cells.

Photons

________ cause electrons in chlophyll to enter an excited state.

cellular respiration

Where is energy is stored in ________: in between the phosphate groups.

what is energy

the capacity to do work

what kind of energy does food contain

chemical energy

what are the two key processes that convert energy into a form that living organisms can use

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

what are the two kinds of energy

kinetic and potential

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy

where does food have potential energy stored

in chemical bonds

chemical energy

a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds

what kind of bonds store chemical energy

C-H bonds

as energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work

decreases

kinetic energy to potential energy

light energy from the sun→energy transformed into heat→ chemical energy stored in plants

potential energy to kinetic energy

chemical energy(glycogen) stored in muscles and liver→energy transformed into heat→kinetic energy of forced motion

first law of thermodynamics

energy can never be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

some energy will be converted to heat; not perfectly efficient

photosynthesis

plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds to make sugars and other food molecules

what is a byproduct of photosynthesis

O2

autotroph

organism that is able to produce nutrional substances from inorganic substances

photoautotrophs

uses sunlight to produce nutrional substances

heterotroph

derives all nutrition from complex organic substances

light energy

a type of kinetic energy made up of little energy packets called photons

photons are organized into

waves

what corresponds to the amount of energy being carried by the photon

wavelength

electromagnetic spectrum

range of energy within a ray of light that is organized into different wavelengths

describe the relationship between wavelength and energy

shorter the wavelength, higher the energy

photosynthetic pigments

plants produce several different light-absorbing pigments

where does photosynthesis take place in the plant cell

organelles called chloroplasts

stroma

production of sugars

thylakoids

conversion of light to chemical energy.where chlorophyl is located

describe the energy movement through chlorophyl

1)light energy causes chlorophyl to enter an excited state.2)the excited electron either transfers some energy to a nearby molecule(thus exciting that electron) OR the excited electron is transferred entirely to a nearby molecule

input of photosynthesis

sunlight + water+ CO2

output of photosynthesis

oxygen + sugar

where does the "photo" reaction take place in photosynthesis

occurs in the thylakoids of the leaves chlorplasts

what is the synthesis part of photosynthesis

the calvin cycle

what are the steps of the calvin cycle

1)fixation 2)sugar creation 3)regeneration

fixation

the enzyme rubisco plucks carbon atoms one at a time, from CO2 molecules in the air, attaching them to an organic molecule

sugar creation

the organic molecule is modified into a small sugar called G3P, using energy from ATP and NADPH

regeneration

some molecules of G3P are used to regenerate the original organic molecule, using energy from ATP

stomata

carbon dioxide enters a plant through stomata, but water can be lost through the same openings

describe how plants that are adapted to dry conditions use stomates

they tend to keep stomata closed during the day , but open at the end of the day

cellular respiration

organisms release energy stored from the chemical bonds of food molecules they eat(or sugar they produce in photosynthesis) and use it as fuel

where is energy is stored in cellular respiration

in between the phosphate groups

where do cells store energy

in the bonds of ATP molecules, the usable form of energy for cells

input of cellular respiration

oxygen + sugar

output of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide +

what is the first step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

what is glycolysis

the universal energy releasing pathway

what is the first step of glycolysis and what happens

preparatory phase-ATP must be spent to initiate glycolysis

what is the second phase of glycolysis and what happens

payoff phase-1)ATP is formed 2) electrons are tranferrred from glucose to NAD+ to yield the high energy electron carrier NADH

where does glycolysis take place

in the cells cytosol

what is the second step of celluar respiration

the citric acid cycle extracts energy from sugar

what must happen before the citric acid cylcle can begin

pyruvate(the end product of glycolysis) must be modified

where do modifications of pyruvate take place

in the cells mitochondria

what is third step of cellular respiration

ATP is built in the electron transport chain

inside the mitcochondrion, material can lie in one of two spaces

intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix

the molecules in the inner bag of the mitochrondria do what

create an electron transport chain that enables ATP production

anaerobic respiration

fermentation

when theres no oxygen, what does NADH do

donates electrons to pyruvate, producing fermentation products like lactic acid or alcohol

knowledge about DNA is helping to increase what In the world?

justice ex: innocence project

what are some examples of news articles involving DNA?

“Selfish dictators may owe theirbehaviour partly to their genes,according to a study that claimsto have found a genetic link toruthlessness.”–Nature, April 2008 “Too Many One-Night Stands? BlameYour Genes . . . according to anew study, it may be fair to saythat while you jolly well couldhelp cheating, your particulargenes did make things moredifficult.”— Time, December 2010

DNA contains instructions for what?

the development and functioning of all living organisms.

who figured out the exact structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

The first sketch of the double helix was rendered by who?

artist Odile Crick (Francis Cricks wife)

describe the double helix structure in DNA

the sugar phosphate backbones spiral around each other, forming vertical structure of DNA. They are connected by bases sticking out from their sugar molecules

what are the three components of the nucleotide unit in a DNA molecule

-phosphate group -a sugar -nitrogen base

DNA bases are connected with what kind of bonds

hydrogen

adenine pairs with __ in what kind of bond?

thymine in a double bond

guanine pairs with __ in what kind of bond?

cytosine in a triple bond

double stranded bases are called

purine

single stranded bases are called

pyrimidine

genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making what?

proteins

what is the section of DNA that contains instructions for making proteins called?

genes

genome

an organisms complete set of DNA. in eukaryotes, found in the nucleus of the cell

chromosome

one or more unique pieces of DNA

describe the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

-circular in prokaryotes -linear in eukaryotes -vary in length and can consist of hundreds of millions of base pairs

gene

a specific sequence of DNA -on average about 3000 base pairs long, that contains the information necessary for protein synthesis

locus

position of gene on a chromosome

how many unique chromosomes do humans have? how many in total?

23 unique chromosomes(have copies of each, one from mother and one from father, for a total of 48)

alleles

different versions of a gene that code for the same feature ex: different hair color, eye color

trait

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

not all dna contains instructions for making proteins

true -some dna doesnt have a job(called noncoding or junk DNA)

what percentage of coding dna is found in humans

2% -the rest is noncoding or “junk” dna

genes make up 90% or more of DNA in what?

bacteria and viruses