Industrial Revolution Key Terms

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851

An industrial fair that was housed in the Crystal Palace in London, which contained 100,000 exhibits to display products created by the Industrial Revolution. Was a display for locals & foreigners of Britain's wealth, success & imperial power with goods from India such as cotton, tea & flax. However, many commentators saw it as "wasteful & ridiculously excess" use of labor-intensive products.

France

Before: largely agrarian.

Industrialization: received technological independence after techniques, practices, & even machinery (legal/illegal). there was a spread of information such as technical schools to train engineers.

high tariffs used for fledgling industries.

there was a great production of cotton in cotton mills dispersed around the country using the old methods of the cottage system.

Prussia/German States

There was an establishment of technical schools to train mechanics & engineers.

paid for technical education, roads, canals, river channels, & railroads, & invested in equipment (similar to France)

German iron manufacturing was based on old techniques, yet in the 1840s, coke-blast iron was produced in Rhineland.

Differences with British Industrialization

The British had cotton manufacturing centered in Lancashire, while many Continental countries have cottage systems scattered around the region. Furthermore, cotton mills were still hand or animal powered. They also relied primarily in mining and metallurgy rather than textile. In textile, heavy industries still used old with a mix of new.

Lack of Industrialization in Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe industrialization still lagged behind dye to remaining largely rural and agricultural with autocratic rulers keeping serfdom (Russia). There wasn't a lot of middle class & there's a large fear of change which made them prefer to import industrial goods.

Rapid population growth

dramatic acceleration in the 19th century (along with more frequent & accurate censuses. There was a decline in death rates through the decrease of wars, famines & large-scale epidemics. There was also an increase in food supply due to the agricultural revolution. There was also a large mass of landless peasants due to the divide of land & the growing population in the countryside. Overpopulation was evident in parts of Spain, France, Sweden, etc.

Examples of areas with primitive practices & land-owning patterns lagged behind

famine- Ireland was devastated because of the potatoes (which they relied on heavily for nutrition) was infected by blight due to a fungus, creating the Great Famine.

land shortages- British specifically, working-class houses were very crowded with very poor living conditions (sanitary conditions were very bad-- open drains, burning coals, watered-down milk & beer, alum to make bread white, & red lead used as pepper)

Government/Bureaucratic Reform

Came as a result of criticism of industrialization; People had a problem with the destruction of nature and child abuse; British Parliament passed legislature in an attempt to regulate factory

Factory Act of 1833

children between the ages of 9 and 13 could work only 8 hours a day and had to be educated; between ages 13 and 18, 12 hours of work a day max; factory inspectors were appointed with the power to fine

Ten Hours Act 1847

limited work hours for women and children to 10 hours a day

Coal Mines Act of 1842

eliminated employment of preteen boys and women in coal mines

Marx and Marxism

Communist Manifesto was intended to rouse the working class; predicted that the proletariat would clash with the bourgeois and ultimately overthrow the government and form a dictatorship; believed that a classless society would lead to more wealth and societal progress

The Communist Manifesto

1848; socialist manifesto written by Germans Marx and Engels; meant to rouse the working class; very influential work; synthesis of French and German thought; asserted that the course of history is determined by material forces

Working class organizations

International Working Men's Association: British and French unionists headed by Marx; umbrella organization for middle/working class interests;

failed due to internal dissension

Resources and raw materials

Britain had an adequate supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron, needed for manufacturing. There were abundant rivers in Britain, making transportation easier.

Role of Government

The government allowed entrepreneurs to make the advances needed to continue the Industrial Revolution

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century woven fabric/cloth items

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Iron

Improved manufacturing and machinery most significant was in railways

Transportation

Started with an expansion of canals (Britain) invention of steam engine led to steam powered locomotives that used railways

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Urbanization and the need for urban reform

Cities became hot spots for people working in the new industrial factories. Poor conditions including, living space, poor sewage, no police force, and small wages needed to be changed.

The new middle class (industrial entrepreneurs, capitalists, bourgeoisie, etc.)

the new middle class erupted along with the Industrial Revolution, they own and operated their own railroads, mines, factories, along with other industries,

The New Working Class (Proletariat)

the class of wage-earners (especially industrial workers), in a capitalist society, whose only possession of significant material value is their labor-power.

Problems of Industrialization and Responses (examples?)

Horrible living conditions, kids working in factories and being exposed to terrible working conditions, people being put out of a job because of new machines, stressful, unsatisfying lifestyle, discrimination against women

The Trade Union Movement

an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action especially via labor unions (especially the leaders of this movement)

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Chartists

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

New Age of Science

Biggest scientific push since the Scientific Revolution during the Enlightenment. Connects to the Industrial Revolution because they need technological and scientific advancements to continue to improve industry/efforts to industrialize. Science came to have a real impact on all people.

Charles Darwin & his ideas

Charles Darwin explained the principle of organic evolution which states that animals evolve over time, in response to their environment. He also hypothesized "survival of the fittest" which stated that those who were naturally selected for survival survived.

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer (began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria)

a revolution in healthcare

The urban public health movement was a response to the cholera epidemic. The prebacteriological hygiene movement focused on providing clean water, adequate sewage disposal, and less crowded housing conditions. Medical advancements, such as the germ theory and antiseptic techniques, transformed treatment and surgery. healthcare remained unequal, with the wealthy benefiting more than the working class, laying the foundation for modern healthcare systems.

Women & Medical Schools

The women in Britain were allowed to participate in medical schools when a girl named Elizabeth Blackwell, got accepted accidentally and gained respect with her intelligence. Parliament in 1876 passed a bill in Britain, giving women the right to take qualifying exams. However, still, women were given very little education compared to male students.

Agricultural Revolution Cause & Effects

More farmland, increased crop yields/acre, healthier and more abundant livestock, improved climate

New Finance Methods

New public and private banks and the acceptance of paper notes made an expansion of credit

Bank of England

Founded 1964, made loans, issued paper "banknotes" backed by its credit as a substitute for gold and silver coins, national debt formed

Cottage Industry

Textile centers w/master artisans using timeworn methods → spinners and weavers wove cloth into simple looms → family business be women & children could help

New consumer culture and the overseas products/influences that caused it

Consumer revolution primarily centered in England when consumers purchased a lot of new available goods

Capital

Britain had a lot of capital for investment in new industrial machines and their factories

Entrepreneurs

Individuals who were interested in making profits it the opportunity presented itself