Chapter 20: Carbohydrates

Mutarotation

________ is the change in rotation of plane- polarized light resulting from the equilibrium between cyclic anomers and the open- chain form of a sugar.

Fischer projection

________ is a structure that represents chiral carbon atoms as the intersections of two lines, with the horizontal lines representing bonds pointing out of the page and the vertical lines representing bonds pointing behind the page.

cyclic monosaccharide

For a(n) ________, reaction with an alcohol converts the ¬OH group on the anomeric carbon to an ¬OH group.

Disaccharides

________ result from glycosidic bond formation between two monosaccharide.

→Heparin binds

________ to a clotting factor in the blood and thus acts as an anticoagulant.

aldose form

Ketoses, as well as aldoses, are reducing sugars because the ketose is in equilibrium with a(n) ________ that can be oxidized.

D Glucose

________, also called dextrose or blood sugar, is the most abundant of all monosaccharides and has the most important function.

source of energy

In nearly all organisms, d- glucose serves as a(n) ________ to fuel biochemical reactions.

Cyclic

________ monosaccharides that differ only in the positions of substituents at carbon 1 are known as anomers, and carbon 1 is said to be an anomeric carbon atom.

Monosaccharides

________ (simple sugars), are the simplest carbohydrates.

carbon atoms

They have from three to seven ________, and each contains one aldehyde or one ketone functional group.

→D Sugar

________ is a monosaccharide with the ¬OH group on the chiral carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl group pointing to the right in a Fischer projection.

→Hydrolysis reactions of polysaccharides

________ produce the monomeric units that formed the polysaccharide.

Carbohydrates

________ are a large class of naturally occurring polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

chiral molecules

Monosaccharides are ________.

→L Sugar

________ is a monosaccharide with the ¬OH group on the chiral carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl group pointing to the left in a Fischer projection.

aldehyde group

The ________ is always at the end of the carbon chain, and the ketone group is always on the second carbon of the chain.

anomeric carbon

In glucose, the hemiacetal carbon (the ________) is chiral, and a and b anomers differ in the orientation of the ¬OH groups on this carbon.

disaccharides

Most monosaccharides and ________ are sweet- tasting, digestible, and nontoxic.

Monosaccharides

________ can form multiple hydrogen bonds through their hydroxyl groups and are generally high- melting, white, crystalline solids that are soluble in water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents.

Disaccharide

________ is a carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides and polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) is a carbohydrate that is a polymer of monosaccharides.

aldose

If the sugar has an aldehyde group

ketose

if the sugar has a ketone group