crime and deviance 3

globalisation has tackled crime🌍

However, globalisation has also had some benefits in terms of tackling crime. With greater international cooperation between police forces and more widespread use of extradition agreements (in which suspects can be returned to countries where they are suspected of committing offences), it has become easier to track and prosecute offenders. In 1992, Europol was established to coordinate policing and its mandate has been extended in recent years (Newburn and Reiner, 2012). Newburn and Reiner also point out that since 9/11, sharing of information between US and European governments has greatly increased. Many western governments are also making greater efforts to prevent money laundering (partly to combat terrorism), which is essential to tackling transactional organised crime.

explain

Therefore, this illustrates the positive impact of globalisation, where it has strengthened global mechanisms to detect and combat crime more effectively. This shows that it has encouraged the sharing of intelligence, especially in response to global threats like terrorism. This can lead to unified global responses to issues like money laundering and organised crime.

criminal networks🦹‍♀

Manuel Castells (2010) argues that globalisation involves the development of networks that cut across national boundaries, meaning that the notion of self-contained societies is outdated. These networks have developed because of a growth of an information age, in which knowledge as well as goods and people can move quickly, easily and cheaply across national boundaries. These changes have resulted in the development of a global criminal economy, in which there are complex interconnections between a range of criminal networks, including the American Mafia, Columbian drug cartels, the Russian mafia, Chinese triads, and the Sicilian Cosa Nostra. These criminal networks operate transnationally because it reduces the risk and increases their profits. Criminal activities tend to be centered upon countries where the state and its law enforcement are relatively weak. Thus, Afghanistan is a centre of heroin production and cocaine is produced in Columbia. However, most sales are made in richer and therefore more profitable markets, such as the UK and the USA. Although many criminal networks are transnational/global in their scope, they are often organised along national, regional or ethnic lines.

explain

this shows that globalisation has not only enabled but strengthened and expanded organised crime, allowing it to operate more effectively across borders. This also means that globalisation contributes to the rise of powerful transnational criminal networks which take advantage of economic inequalities and weak governance around the world

cybercrime💻

lish

In recent years, the phenomenon of cybercrime as emerged as a new form of criminal activity, ower to the advent of globalisation. Cybercrime is closely related to the use of computers which have only been in widespread use for just over 25 years. This sets it apart from other crimes, such as drug trafficking and human trafficking, which have been around for much longer. There are several types of cybercrime, as identified by wall, and these categories sometimes overlap. The first category that Wall outlines is cyber deception and theft. This includes activities such as phishing, illegal downloads, identity theft and personalised hacking. The latter refers to the act of hacking into an individual's personal data, such as credit card or bank details, rather than a larger institution or company. Other examples of cyber deception and theft include the more recent trend of catfishing, which involves creating a fake persona on social media or online dating platforms to defraud people of money or cause harm. It is worth noting that these categories are not always clearly defined and can overlap in practice. Another type of cybercrime is cyber trespass, which refers to unauthorised access or hacking. This type of cybercrime can be committed against individuals or corporations. For example, distributed denial-of-service attacks and ransomware attacks where companies are threatened to pay a certain amount of money.

Explain??

This highlighs how globalisation has transformed the nature of crime, particularly through the rise of cybercrime. It shows how new forms of crime - such as phising, identity theft and ransonware - can easily cross borders - making them harder to detect and control. This reflects sociological concerns about how globalisation creates new spaces for criminal activity.

Functionalist - Punishment helps to maintain social order

Some functionalists argue that social order is maintained in society by reinforcing social solidarity. Durkheim (1893) argues that the nature of the legal system is related to the division of labour. The division of labour describes the way in which work is divided up between individuals and social groups. In simple societies before industrialisation there was little division of labour, that is, there were very few specialist jobs. For this reason, most members of society were very similar to one another, and the societies were held together by what he called mechanical solidarity. Because of their similarity, individuals in society had similar moral values and their shared beliefs (or collective conscience) were very strong. People who broke these beliefs were seen as committing seriously devious acts that offended the whole of society; therefore law was based upon the principle of retribution (retributive justice). Offenders were severely punished and generally all members of society accepted and supported strong punishment.

Therefore, this suggests that punishment can have a positive aspect in maintaining social order by reinforcing share values and strengthening social solidarity. This means punishment helps remind members of society of the moral boundaries and the importance of their collective beliefs. It can, consequently unite people against actions that threaten these common values.

CRITIC - However, traditonal societies often have restitutive rather than retributive justice as Durkheim thought. For example, BLOFUED (where a member of one clan is killed by a member of another) are often settled by payment of compensation rather than execution.

He has also been criticised for assuming that there is a consensus or collective conscience in society, whereas in reality there may be different views on what is moral or immoral, just or unjust.

MARXIST PUNISHMENT PERSPECTIVE

Marxists argue that the law is not a product of the shared interest and shared beliefs of all members of society, but rather a product of the interests and beliefs of the ruling class.. Early Marxists Rusche and Kirchheimer argued that systems of punishment corresponded to the particular economic system in which they developed. They identified three eras in which different systems of punishement were dominant.

IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, the main punishments involved religious penance and fines. Workers were in high demand so it did not benefit landowners to imprison potential workers for long period of time or to execute them

IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES, brutal punishment became the norm and capital punishment was used quite widely. The rich now needed to control the poor and unemployed, who were a potential threat to social order, and legal system was used to do this.

BY THE 17TH CENTURY, there a shortage of labour and it was in this period that the prison developed, partly because prisons could be used to produce goods cheaply, thereby helping to plug the gap in the number of workers available to the ruling class

THEREFORE..this shows that punishment plays a crucial role in maintaining social order, but not in a neutral way - it maintains the order that benefits the ruling class. This shows how punishement is used as a strategic tool to control the working class in line with the economic demands of each historical period.

CRITIC - Marxist views on the law and punishment have been subject to considerable criticism and they do seem to provide a rather simplistic explaination of the relationship between punishment and power in society. For example, they take little account of gender or ethnicity, and it is clearly the case that an occasional capitalist finds themselves on the wrong side of the law and ends up being imprisoned or punished in other ways.

RADICAL FEMINISTS PATRIARCHY IN THE PRIVATE WORLD OF THE FAMILY

EVIDENCE, EXPLAIN, AND CRITIC

Radical Feminists argue that the family is a primary institution of patriarchy, where male dominance is maintained and reinforced.

GREER - Greer argues that marriage reinforces patriarchal relations from the outset. What she refers to as the ghastly figure of the bride expresses traditional conceptions of femininity and once the honeymoon period is over, marriage settles into a pattern in which husbands spend more time outside the home compared to the wife (reinforicing the gendered public-private divide), spends more money on himself, does less housework, and generally does better out of the relationships. Wives tend to see it as their job to keep the husband happy, while the husband thinks he has done all he needs to keep his wife just by consenting to marry her.

Other radical feminists such as DELPHY 1984 believe that "the first oppression is the oppressions of women by men - women are an exploited class”. The housewife role is therefore created by patriarchy (which existed well before capitalism appeared) and is geared to the service of men and their interest.

Radical feminists argue that DV is often used by men to threaten, control and punish women who complain about their exploitation in thr home, or fail to live up to the expectations of men with regard to being a good partner housewife or mother.

THEREFORE ……

• This demonstrates the radical feminist view that the family operates as a fundamental site of patriarchal opression, where structural inequalities between men and women are reproduced and maintained.

• This shows that mechanisms such as dv function as tools of control and coercion, reinforcing women’s subordination and ensures compliance with patriarchal norms/expectations

EVALUATION

While radical feminists draw attention to important issues such as domestic violence and coercive control, critics like SOMERVILLE 2000 argues that this perspective overlooks significant improvements in women’s agency such as increased access to divorce and reproductive rights.

MARXIST AND CAPITALISM ?

EDUCATION

Althusser 1971 argues that education is an ISA. its main function is to maintain, legitimate and reproduce, generation by generation, class inequalities in wealth and power. It does this by transmitting ruling class or capitalist values disguised as common values. For example, in Britain and other capitalist countries, pupils are encourage to accept the benefits of private enterprise and individual competition without question. To marxists, these parts of the capitalist system provide much greater benefit to the ruling class than to other members of society. Along with other ISAs , such as the media and the legal system, education reproduced the conditions needed for capitalism to flourish without having to use force, which would expose it as being opressive. Instead ideology achieves the same results by exerting its influence subconsciously. Bowles and Gintis 1976 also argue that education is controlled by capitalists and serves their interests. From a study of high school children in the usa, they argue that there is a close relationship between schooling and work because schooling to used to prepare children to work in capitalist businesses. For example

• conformist pupils are awarded higher grades than those who challenge authority or think creatively

• schools teach acceptance of heirarchy since teachers give the orders and pupils obey, just as workers obey managers in the workplace.

Therefore instead of relying on direct force, capitalism operates through ideological control - which teaches people to accept inequality and the status quo as normal or natural. This also shows education helps to legitimise existing class structures, making it seem like success is purely about individual effort rather than systemic advantage.

CRITICS !!!

• They tend to emphasise class inequality in education and pay little to no attention to inequality based on gender or ethnicity

• The idea that education corresponds to work has been criticised by brown 1997 who believes that much work now requires teamwork rather than obedience of authority.

MARXIST AND CRIME

According to Marxists crime plays a significant part in supporting the ideology of capitalism as it diverts attention away from the exploitative nature of capitalism as it focuses attention instead on the evil and frightening nature of certain criminal groups in society, from whom we are only protected by the police. These groups tend to be those with little power, such as the working class. This theme is taken up by Jeffrey Reiman 2009 who claims that crime is routinely portrayed as being the result of individual moral failing rather than the result of social injustice. It is also portrayed as being carried out largely by the poor and poverty itself is usually seen as the result of moral imperfections such as laziness. This suggests that the poor are poor because they deserve to be poor, or at least because they lack the strength of character to overcome poverty, and since crime is seen as a response to poverty, the problem of crime comes from individual criminals. The population will therefore tend to support even stronger crackdowns on the poor and on criminals rather than changes in an unjust society. The victims of capitalism, rather than the system itself are blamed for its problems making it even easier to control the poor and the working class.

critic

• The explanation for crime is one dimensional - it results from the greed created by the criminogenic capitalist system.

• Because it implies that the law will always be biased and all groups could become criminal in capitalist societies, marixsm does not really adress changes in criminality over time or variations in crime rates between different social groups or countries

goffman? dramaturgical approach

Erving Goffman 1968 was heavily influenced by symbolic interactionism in his studies of people’s interaction in a number of settings. Goffman’s work which has been called the dramaturgical approach is based on similar ideas to SI in that he explores how people perceive themselves and then set out to present an image of themselves to others. Goffman suggests that people work out strategies in dealing with others and are constantly altering and manipulating these strategies. The basis of his ideas is that symbolic interaction can best be understood as form of loosely scripted play in which people interpret their roles.

Therefore, this suggests that people construct their own reality through social interactions. This also shows how people continually adjust their behaviour based on their perceptions of how others perceive them. Overall this approach supports the idea that reality is socially constructed and individuals negotiate their identities.

CRITIC

• As a theory it is rather limited in scope and is as much pyschological as sociological

• Its main weaknesses lie in its failure to explore the wider social factors that create the context in which interactions all exist and the social implications of this.

2 CRITICS OF SCP

Displacement of crime

• While surveillance may deter crimes in the area where it is installed, it does not necessarily prevent crime

Ineffective against more impulsive crime

• The presence of surveillance is unlikely to act as a deterrent to crimes that committed without premeditation or planning, as the decision to commit crime is not based on a rational assessment.

Social class differences in offending

CJS

The criminal justice system demonstrates bias towards the middle class and selective law enforcement means the middle class are less likely to be convicted of crime

POVERTY

The lower classes often face economic harships which can lead to criminal behaviour

• turning to crime like theft

Members of the middle class have the chance to commit other types of crime. For example they may commit while collar crimes in their work/employment.