Intro to Microbiology Chapters 1-4

Father of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology.

Leeuwenhoek's term for microorganisms

Leeuwenhoek called microorganisms 'animalcules'.

Koch's Postulates

Koch's Postulates are a series of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Categories of microbes by Linnaeus

The six categories of microbes identified by Linnaeus are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.

Redi

disproved spontaneous generation

demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat

Koch

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease, etiology, rod shaped bacteria, endospores caused anthrax, mycobacterium causes TB, Agar in Petri dishes

Semmelweis

Person who advocated hand-washing to prevention transmission from one patient to another

Lister

Antiseptic medical techniques, used phenol

Jenner

Developed a vaccine against smallpox using cowpox, Serology

Snow

Connections to Cholera outbreak from drinking water father of Epidemiology

Ehrlich

Father of Chemotherapy

"magic bullett"

Salvarsan

What is a pure culture

population of cells derived from a single cell

Germ Theory of Disease

idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

Differences between Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria and Archaea differ in their cell wall composition, membrane lipids, and genetic sequences.

Eukaryotic microbes

fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular animal parasites

Molds

multicellular fungi that reproduce through spores.

Yeast reproduction

reproduce asexually by budding.

Protozoa movement structures

movement is enabled by structures such as flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.

Pseudopod

a temporary protrusion of the cell membrane in protozoa used for movement and feeding.

Function of cilia in protozoa

function in movement and feeding.

Function of flagella in protozoa

function in locomotion.

Algae

photosynthetic organisms that are unique among microorganisms due to their ability to produce oxygen.

Role of parasitic worms

being studied for their interactions with hosts and diseases.

Viruses as acellular

considered acellular because they do not have a cellular structure.

Spontaneous generation

arise from nonliving matter.

Redi's meat experiment

demonstrated that maggots on decaying meat came from eggs laid by flies, disproving spontaneous generation.

Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment

disproved spontaneous generation by showing that microorganisms in the air contaminate sterile solutions.

Scientific method

systematic approach to research and experimentation.

Steps of the Scientific Method

Identify problem, Form Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Form Conclusions

Pasteur's contribution to fermentation

discovering that yeast is responsible for fermentation.

Buchner's contribution to biochemistry

microbial metabolism, genetics, genetic engineering, fermentation does not require living cells, enzymes promote chemical reactions

Germ theory of disease

many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

techniques developed by Koch

Petri dishes, bacterial simple staining, steam sterilization

What is Gram staining used for

To categorize bacteria as gram positive or gram negative

Color of gram positive cells

purple

Color of gram negative cells

pink/red

Process of gram staining

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

Who developed antiseptic techniques

Joseph Lister

Florence Nightingales contribution to microbiology

Promoted sanitation and hygiene in medical settings. Clean would before adding new bandage.

What's immunology?

study of the immune system

What's serology?

studying the liquid serum portion of blood

What's epidemiology?

Studying diseases in a population

Whats etiology

study of the cause of disease

What did Edward Jenner do?

He created the small pox vaccination from cow pox.

What did Paul Ehrlich discover?

Salvarsan, chemotherapy agent treatment for syphilis

Difference between atom and molecule

An atom is the individual elements that make up a compound

Molecule is the whole compound

How do atoms interact to form molecules?

Chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

valence shell

outermost electron shell

octet rule

atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons

What is electronegativity?

a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

most electronegative elements

F, O, N

Special properties of water

Cohesion and adhesion, good solvent, lower density as a solid, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization

What is a synthesis reaction?

When small, simple substrates are built up into a large, complex product.

(A+B→AB)

What is a decomposition reaction?

When something is broken down into smaller molecules (AB→A+B)

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

a reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule

What is dehydration synthesis?

the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together with the removal of water

What are exchange reactions?

bonds are both made and broken;

AB + C -> AC + B

What is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

what is anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

what is catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

Why is water essential to life?

Its a solvent, temperature buffer, and involved in reactions

What is pH

measure of hydrogen ion concentration

Acidic

pH less than 7

Basic

pH greater than 7

pH of water

7 (neutral)

What are buffers?

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

What are acids and bases

Acids are compounds that produce hydrogen (H+) ions in solution.

Bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

What is a salt in chemistry

A compound formed from acid-base reactions

What are lipids

fats, oils, waxes

4 types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

what are saturated fats

lipids with single bonds between carbon atoms

what are unsaturated fats

fats that are liquid at room temperature and have double bonds

what are polyunsaturated fats

They have at least two double bonds. They make up omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) and omega-6 (linoleic acid). They are found in walnuts, flaxseeds, hempseeds, and vegetable oils.

what is a phospholipid

a lipid that has a phosphate group attached to the glycerol and only two fatty acid chains.

what is a steroid

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings like cholesterol

cholesterols function in cell membrane

make membrane more fluid

What are carbohydrates used for?

energy and structure

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

One, two, or many sugar units, respectively

What are proteins made of

amino acids

what are amino acids

building blocks of proteins

4 levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary structure of proteins

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure of proteins

alpha helix and beta sheet

tertiary structure of proteins

Three-dimensional structure of a peptide, results from hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between residues far apart on the chain. Disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds can also add to this structure of the protein.

quaternary structure of a protein

protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain

what are nucleotides made of

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

Nitrogenous bases of DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

What is ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.

4 major processes of life

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism

What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What is the Glycocalyx

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell and can allow for adhearance

What is a capsule

A thick organized Glycocalyx

What is a slime layer

loose, water-soluble glycocalyx