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3 types of muscle fibers
-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac
skeletal muscle
striated; voluntary movement
smooth muscle
non-striated; in hollow organs
cardiac muscle
involuntary; only in heart
fascial layers
-collagen/tissue
-covers bones
2 types of fascia
-superficial
-deep
Aponeuroses
broad sheets of fibers that attach to bone or to the coverings of other muscles
retinaculum
fascial band in joint region
-prevents "bow-stringing"
brusae
fluid filled (synovial fluid) cavities between fascial planes
-reduce friction between tendons, muscles, bones, and ligaments
epimysium
connective tissue, surrounds skeletal muscles
perimysium
small compartments of layered muscle
-contain fascicles
endomsium
connective3 tissue containing muscle fibers
order of depth of connective tissue (outer--> in)
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
waste products of muscles
heat
larger muscles results in ___ bones
thicker
motor neurons
control skeletal muscle
synapse
-where the axon connects to the dendrite
-each functional connection
-release neurotransmitters
posterior horns in vertebral disc
sensory
anterior horns in vertebral disc
motor neuron cells
dendrites
-receive stimulus from other cells
axon
communicates with other neurons or effectors
peripheral nerve fibers
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
dermatomes
innervate skin
myotomes
innervate muscle
hands
C6-C8
origin
end of a skeletal muscle fastened to immovable part of a moveable joint
-more proximal
insertion
other end of muscle that connects to movable part on the other side of the joint
-more distal
tendon
attaches muscles to bones
skeletal muscles function ___
in groups
nervous system
stimulates the desired muscles to perform intended function
agonist
muscle that contracts to produce a movement
synergist
muscle that works with an agonist to make it more effective
antagonists
cause movement in opposite direction
fixator
increase tone but doesn't produce movement
isometric contraction
muscles exerts force but no movement
isotonic contraction
muscles shortens to produce motion
2 types of isotonic contractions
-concentric: flexing biceps
-eccentric: releasing biceps
concentric contraction
overcomes resisted; shortens while contracts; flex
eccentric contraction
resistance is greater than force so the muscle lengthens as it contracts; extend
10 types of skeletal muscle
circular, fusiform, multipennate, bipennate, unipennate, flat, parallel, quadrate, convergent, digastric
bones are what kind of tissue
connective
bone functions
-support and protect
-movement
-hematopoiesis
-produce ions
what percentage of minerals Ca and K do bones store
90%
axial skeleton
supports head, neck, and trucks
(skull, hyoid, vertebra, ribs)
appendicular skeleton
contains upper and lower limb bones
(pectoral girdle, all limbs, pelvic girdle)
how many bones are in the body
206
clavicle is the ___ to ossify and the ___ to fuse
first, last
types of bones
flat, irregular, sesamoid, short, long
long bones
arm/forearm, thigh, phalanges, legs
epiphysis
-at each end of the bone
-articulates with another bone
-spongy bone
diaphysis
long portion of the bone (shaft)
-compact bone
-marrow cavity
periosteum
surrounds bones
endosteum
lining of the marrow cavity
metaphysis
located between proximal epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
osteoclasts
destroy bone; send Ca away
osteoblast
build bone; pull in Ca
Short bones
wrist/ankle (carpals/tarsals)
flat (squamous)
ribs, shoulder, some skull, sternum
irregular bones
many facial bones, spinal and pelvic vertebra
sesamoid
inside tendons near joints (patella)
condyle
rounded articular surface on bone
crest
ridge on bone
epicondyle
eminence superior to a condyle on bone
facet
smooth, flat surface on bone
foramen
passage/hole through a bone
fossa
hollow area or depression in bone
linea
linear elevation in bone
malleolus
rounded prominence on bone
notch
indentation in bone
process
spinous projection in bone
protuberance
projection in bone
spine
thorn-like structure on bone
trochanter
large blunt projection on bone
tubercle
small raised eminence on bone
tuberosity
large round elevation on bone
bones take ___ to heal
4-6 weeks
it takes ___ for a callus to form on a healing bone
within 2 weeks
Type 1 (straight) fracture
transverse fracture through the growth plate
Type 2 (above) fracture
fracture through the growth plate and metaphysis
Type 3 (lower) fracture
fracture through the growth plate and epiphysis
Type 4 (two/through) fracture
fracture through growth plate, epiphysis, and metaphysis
Type 5 (ER/Crush) fracture
compression fracture of the growth plate
Cartilage types
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
joint classifications
synarthrotic (fibrous), amphiarthrotic (cartilaginous), diarthrotic (synovial)
fibrous joints
lay between bones that closely contact eachother
-very little movement!!
cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis, symphysis
primary cart joint (synchondrosis)
no movement!!
ex ribs
secondary cart join (symphysis)
small amount of movement possible
intervertebral disc
intervertebral disc
layer of cartilage separating adjacent vertebra
synovial
allow free movement!!
have a lining that secrete synovial fluid
ex knee, shoulder, elbow
synovial joints
ball-and-socket, condyloid (ellipsoidal), gliding (plane), hinge, pivot, saddle
Plane/Gliding joint
-wrist and ankles
-flat bones that slide on one another
Hinge joint
-elbow and phalanges
-flexion/extension
pivot joint
-between proximal ends of radius and ulna
-rotation
Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint
-between metacarpals and phalanges, wrist
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-rotation possible
Saddle joint
-between carpal and metacarpal bones
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-circumduction
ball and socket joint
-shoulders and hips
-one bone fits into socket like concavity
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-medial/lateral rotation
-circumduction
ligaments
Connect bone to bone
-avascular!!
lymphatic system
production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes and plasma cells