Nuclear Physics

nuclei with higher binding energy per nucleon is

more stable

nuclei with large mass deficiency have

higher Binding energy

A<60 release energy by 

Nuclear fusion

A>60 release energy by 

Nuclear fission

binding energy per nucleon increases as the

mass number increase till 60

binding energy per nucleon ………..when A>200

decreases

when A>200 it means nuclei is……….stable

less, tends to undergo radioactive decay

The strong nuclear force

(an attractive force inside the nucleus).

The Coulomb force

(a repulsive electric force acting between the alpha particle and the nucleus)

when disintegration energy is lower then potential energy barrier that means alpha perticle 

doen’t have enough energy to escape

Since the alpha particle cannot classically overcome the barrier, it instead tunnels through it due

to……………... This tunneling probability is ……..

quantum mechanical effects, very low,

why are even-even nuclei more present in nature

the are energticly favorble mor estable .>………………………………..rvmriovjeroa

neutrino, a neutral particle with extremely small mass.

Neutrinos

interact with matter, making them difficult to detect.

…………..they play a crucial role in conserving energy and momentum during ………..decay

Neutrinos,beta

nuclei create these particles (positron- nuterino) during the

beta decay process.

only the identity of a nucleon changes (neutron ↔ proton) but the total nucleon count …………

remains the same

Gamma decay is a nucleus emits a gamma ray, which is

a high-energy photon 𝛾

(A) of the nucleus does not change during

beta decay.

Mean life (𝜏) – which is the time at which N has been reduced to…..

𝑒−1 of their initial values 

(even-even nuclei) have zero nuclear spinto the hypothesis that spins of nucleons inside

a nucleus are

very strongly paired to cancel their overall effect

Every charged particle has a magnetic dipole moment associated with its spin,

given by

from quantum mechanics that

orbital angular momentum can take on

only integral values

The total angular

momentum of the constituents is given by the vector sum of the

orbital and

intrinsic spin angular momenta

nuclei with even atomic number have ………….

nuclear spin

integral

odd atomic number have ……..nuclear

spin

half-integral

even-even nuclei) have………………spin.

zero nuclear

large nuclei have very ………..nuclear spins in their ………………

small , ground states.

g is known as the Lande factor (g-factor), which for a point

particle, such as the electron, is expected to have the value

𝑔 = 2.

When 𝑔 ≠ 2, the particle is said to possess an ……………………….

which is usually ascribed to the particle having a …………….

anomalous magnetic moment,substructure

the dipole moment 𝜇𝑒 ≈ 𝜇𝐵, where 𝜇𝐵 is the Bohr magneton, defined as

From the ratio of 𝑚𝑝/𝑚𝑒

we deduce that the Bohr magneton is about 2000 times

………….than the nuclear magneton.

larger

𝜇𝑝 =

2.79𝜇𝑁

𝜇𝑛 =

−1.91 𝜇𝑁

𝑔𝑝 =

+5.58

𝑔𝑛 =

-3.826

both nucleons have large anomalous contributions to their

moments. This provides indirect evidence that these particles…………..

have additional structure.

since the neutron is electrically neutral sizable magnetic

moment is particularly dramatic which points to the fact that the neutron must………….

have an extended charge distribution ************

measurement of magnetic dipole moments for different nuclei has yielded

−3𝜇𝑁 and 10𝜇𝑁

This again

is evidence for strong pairing inside the nucleus

Furthermore, this also shows that electrons cannot be present inside nuclei

because it would then be particularly hard to explain the small values of nuclear

moments, since even one electron would produce a moment a thousand times

that observed for nuclei.

Furthermore