Ch 22 Learning Objectives

The Immune System and the Body's Defense

22.1.1 Compare and contrast the five major classes of infectious agents.

22.1.2 Describe prions, and name a disease they cause.

22.2.3 List the types of leukocytes of the immune system, and describe where they may be found.

22.2.4 Define cytokines, describe their similarities to hormones, and list the general categories.

22.2.5 Compare and contrast the primary features of innate and adaptive immunity.

22.2.6 Describe the physical, chemical, and biological barriers to entry of harmful agents into the body.

22.3.7 List the four main components of the nonspecific internal defenses.

22.3.8 Describe the cells that function as part of the nonspecific internal defenses in providing innate immunity.

22.3.9 Explain the general function of interferons.

22.3.10 Define the complement system, and describe how it is activated and participates in providing innate immunity

22.3.11 Define inflammation, and discuss the basic steps involved, including the formation of exudate and its role in removing harmful substances.

22.3.12 Describe the benefits of inflammation.

22.3.13 List the cardinal signs of inflammation, and explain why each occurs.

22.3.14 Define a fever, and describe how it occurs.

22.3.15 List the benefits and risks of a fever.

22.3.16 Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

22.4.17 Explain immunogenicity, and list attributes that affect it.

22.4.18 Define a hapten, and describe how haptens stimulate immune responses.

22.4.19 Describe receptors of both T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

22.4.20 Define antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells, and list the cells that serve this function.

22.4.21 Compare and contrast antigen presentation in nucleated cells and in professional antigen- presenting cells

22.4.22 Diagram the interactions of T-lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells.

22.4.23 Describe the three significant events that occur in the lifetime of a lymphocyte.

22.5.24 Explain the formation of T-lymphocytes.

22.5.25 Compare and contrast positive and negative selection of T-lymphocytes and what is meant by central tolerance.

22.5.26 Explain why T-lymphocytes leaving the thymus are called both immunocompetent and naive.

22.5.27 Describe the formation and function of T-lymphocytes (Tregs) in peripheral tolerance.

22.5.28 Describe how both helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are activated, including the specific role of IL-2 in both activations.

22.6.29 Compare the activation of B-lymphocytes with that of T-lymphocytes.

22.6.30 Describe lymphocyte recirculation, and explain its general function.

22.7.31 Explain the effector response of helper T-lymphocytes.

22.7.32 Describe how an unhealthy cell is destroyed by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

27.7.33 Explain why the processes of T-lymphocytes are collectively called the cellmediated branch of adaptive immunity.

22.7.34 Describe the function of plasma cells in the effector response of B-lymphocytes.

22.7.35 Define antibody titer.

22.8.36 Describe the general structure of an immunoglobulin molecule, including its two functional regions.

22.8.37 List the functions of the antigen-binding site and Fc region of antibodies, and briefly describe how each occurs

22.8.38 Describe the structure, location, and specific function of the five major classes of immunoglobulins.

22.9.39 Define immunologic memory, and explain how it occurs.

22.9.40 Discuss the difference between the primary response and the secondary response to antigen exposure

22.9.41 Define active immunity and passive immunity, and describe how both active and passive immunity can be acquired naturally and artificially