Enzymes itself

eh, self study yknow

What are Enzymes?

protein biological catalyst

How to enzymes contribute to cells?

Allows the cell to be more efficient and by regulating the amounts of products and being able to interconvert molecules when needed. (direct copy and paste)

How to chemical reactions occur?

collisions between molecules at the right angles and orientation in 3D space with the right energy level to activate a chemical reaction. They will bond and change into the product(s)

what do catalysts do?

lower the activations energy of a chemical reaction to occur

what is the structure of enzymes?

sequences of amino acids with a specific conformation, or 3D shape.

name the 4 steps for induced fit theory

1. Substrate enters the active site of enzyme (could also be 2 that enter the cleft of the enzyme’s active site)

2. Enzyme changes shape slightly as substrate binds (Enzyme/substrate complex)

3. product is created (Enzyme/product complex) (if there is 2 substrate, they will combine at this stage)

4. Product leaves the active site, and enzyme becomes normal again to receive more substrates

What is feedback inhibition?

allows an end product to inhibit one of the enzymes early in the process. just to control the number of reactions

What 2 steps are called metabolism?

Anabolic and catabolic reactions

also, metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

What do thermic reactions refer to?

heat energy being released (catabolic -exo) or gained (anabolic -endo)

what does -gonic refer to?

energy in general (duh)

What are the 4 reactions?

1. dehydration synthesis -hydrolysis

2. neutralization

3. Redox

4. Phosphorylation

Dehydration synthesis -hydrolysis

use water to break bond. duh

Neutralization

Acids and base neutralization, we learned this in grade 10

Redox

refers to the movement of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.

LEO (lose electron oxidation)

GER(gain electron reduction)

Phosphorylation

refers to the movement of the phosphate group onto or off of a molecule (dephosphorylation). It creates the ATP energy from ADP

Oxphos

oxidative phosphorylation (electrons used to move the -PO4)

Photophos

Photo-Phosphoylation (like Oxphos but EMR is used to move electrons)

What is catabolism and anabolism

catabolism: break down of complex molecules releases energy. Puts stress on existing bonds in substrates.

anabolism: synthesis of complex molecules, uses energy.

What does enzyme activity depend on?

the enzyme’s shape and its active site (the binding site for the substrate)

What is substrate? (should’ve asked this earlier)

chemical that enzyme acts on

what about active sites?

attraction points that draws the substrate to the surface of the enzyme

what does the complexity of the active site do to the enzyme?

Enzymes are specific catalysts where the complexity of the active site makes each enzyme specific for the substrate it acts on

How to enzymes act within cells?

enzymes are often grouped and assembled together to catalyze several steps of a metabolic pathway. Spatial arrangement of the enzymes being in order of the sequence of reactions.

Factors that affect enzyme function

-Enzyme concentration -Substrate concentration -Temperature -pH -Salinity -Activators -Inhibitors

Temperature

lower temperature = particles move less, less collisions, and less chemical reactions

higher temperature = if it’s too high, it’ll disrupt the bonds and cause denaturation (H, ionic = weak bonds)

thas why we need optimum temperature to balance the two out (35-40 degrees)

pH

changes in pH: -adds/remove H+ -disrupts bonds, which disrupts the shape and denatures.

-optimum pH depends on the enzyme

Enzyme concentration / substrate concentration

more enzymes, more opportunities to undergo a chemical reaction. However, it’s limited to the substrate concentration as well and vice versa. Enzymes being saturated

Salinity (salt concentration)

changes in salinity add/remove cations/anions which disrupts the bonds and therefore denatures the enzyme. As for why you need it for chemical reactions, I say relate to blood cells and how they’ll explode without being moderated by salt?

Compounds which helps enzymes called?

Activators (cofactors and coenzymes)

cofactors

non-protein, small inorganic compounds & ions (bound inside enzyme)

coenzymes

non-protein, organic molecules (bind temporarily or permanently near active site) ex. many vitamins

What are inhibitors?

molecules that reduce/regulate enzyme activity

competitive inhibition

inhibitor and substrate compete for active site. Can be overcome via increasing substrate concentration

non-competitive inhibitors

binds to anywhere else that isn’t active site. Changes conformation which changes the active site to no longer function. Ex) allosteric inhibitor

irreversible inhibitors

inhibitors that permanently bind to the enzyme. Can be competitive or allosteric(non-competitive) which binds to the allosteric site.

Metabolic pathways

Chemical reactions of which are ordered in a specific way. They’re organized in pathways which are divided into many small steps. ex) cell respiration

Feedback inhibition

final product is the inhibitor of the earlier step. No unnecessary accumulation of product.