pain/inflamm.

These flashcards are designed to help review key concepts regarding pain management and inflammation, as discussed in the lecture notes.

What are the three steps in nociception sensation of pain?

Transduction, Transmission, Perception of Pain, and Modulation.

What is the primary action of opioids?

To relieve moderate to severe pain by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.

List the four main types of pain as discussed in the lecture.

Somatic, Visceral, Neuropathic, and Central pain.

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which reduces the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain.

What does 'fifth vital sign' refer to in pain management?

It refers to regularly assessing a patient's pain level.

What is the significance of the controlled Substance Act in pain medication management?

It regulates the prescription and use of controlled substances including opioids to prevent misuse and ensure safe handling.

What are the two main types of cyclooxygenase inhibitors?

First Generation NSAIDs (Nonselective) and Second Generation NSAIDs (Selective COX-2 Inhibitors).

What adverse effect is associated with opioid use?

Respiratory depression, constipation, and potential for addiction.

How does the Gate Control Theory explain pain modulation?

Pain impulses can be blocked at the spinal cord level by stimulating non-nociceptor impulses, thus decreasing pain transmission.

What is the difference between Mu and Kappa opioid receptors?

Mu receptors mediate analgesia, respiratory depression, and euphoria, while Kappa receptors are associated with analgesia/sedation + hallucinations

What are the symptoms of salicylate toxicity?

Hyperventilation, tinnitus, hyperthermia, and increased membrane permeability leading to edema.

What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose?

Acetylcysteine, which converts toxic metabolites to nontoxic ones.

What role do endogenous opioids play in pain modulation?

They bind to opioid receptors and inhibit pain nerve impulses traveling up the spinal cord.

What is perceived as the 'gold standard' for pain assessment?

The client's self-report of pain.

What are potential adverse effects of NSAIDs?

Gastrointestinal bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular events.

Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in children with flu-like symptoms?

Due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a serious neurological condition.

What are the three steps in nociception sensation of pain?

Transduction, Transmission, Perception of Pain, and Modulation.

What is the primary action of opioids?

To relieve moderate to severe pain by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.

List the four main types of pain as discussed in the lecture.

Somatic, Visceral, Neuropathic, and Central pain.

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which reduces the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain.

What does 'fifth vital sign' refer to in pain management?

It refers to regularly assessing a patient's pain level.

What is the significance of the controlled Substance Act in pain medication management?

It regulates the prescription and use of controlled substances including opioids to prevent misuse and ensure safe handling.

What are the two main types of cyclooxygenase inhibitors?

First Generation NSAIDs (Nonselective) and Second Generation NSAIDs (Selective COX-2 Inhibitors).

What adverse effect is associated with opioid use?

Respiratory depression, constipation, and potential for addiction.

How does the Gate Control Theory explain pain modulation?

Pain impulses can be blocked at the spinal cord level by stimulating non-nociceptor impulses, thus decreasing pain transmission.

What is the difference between Mu and Kappa opioid receptors?

Mu receptors mediate analgesia, respiratory depression, and euphoria, while Kappa receptors are associated with analgesia and sedation.

What are the symptoms of salicylate toxicity?

Hyperventilation, tinnitus, hyperthermia, and increased membrane permeability leading to edema.

What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose?

Acetylcysteine, which converts toxic metabolites to nontoxic ones.

What role do endogenous opioids play in pain modulation?

They bind to opioid receptors and inhibit pain nerve impulses traveling up the spinal cord.

What is perceived as the 'gold standard' for pain assessment?

The client's self-report of pain.

What are potential adverse effects of NSAIDs?

Gastrointestinal bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular events.

Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in children with flu-like symptoms?

Due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a serious neurological condition.

What is Aspirin's primary mechanism of action for analgesia and anti-inflammation?

Irreversible inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, and also has antiplatelet effects.

What is the primary action of Acetaminophen?

An analgesic and antipyretic that reduces pain and fever, primarily by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system, with minimal anti-inflammatory effect.

COX-1 + COX-2 definition

forms of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (involved in the body's prod. of prostaglandins -> inflamm./pain)