Italy 1789-1847

Divides of Italy 1789

Kingdoms of Piedmont and Naples

Dukedoms of Lombardy,Parma, Modena and Tuscany

Papal States

Republics of Lucca, Genoa and Venetia

Reasons for divisions

Political - Vastly different systems and nobody wants to give up authority

Religion - Pope is too powerful to overthrow but too weak to unite

Language - peasants speak dialects or local languages which are incomprehensible to people who are not from there and no national languages which for peasants

Class divides - huge split between the wealthy elites and poorer masses

Foreign domination

Italy hadn’t been united since Roman empires so was vulnerable to foreign domination

Outside rulers held great influence over Italy politically (French,Austrian Habsburgs, Spanish Bourbons)

Republics

Not governed by one leader but normally a system of aristocrats

Dukedoms

Governed by Dukes (in Italy from the Habsburg empire)

Kingdom

Ruled by a king

Temporal rule

Pope head of the Catholic Church but also governed land

French Revolution

slogan : “liberty, equality, fraternity”

quality of life in France for masses was terrible - poverty and disease

wealthy elite had lavish lifestyles and completely out of touch

revolution broke out in Paris and resulted in monarchy being executed by guillotine

French commander (Napoleon Bonaparte) rises to fame

significance of French Revolution

many leaders become more reactionary

showed common people could revolt and things could change

people were fed up with wealth inequality and willing to act on it

introduced whole new political systems to Europe - challenged held beliefs and shook status quo

progressive

Italian view of French Revolution

the general attitude changed due to rule locally (different rules applied to different areas)

VA) educated Italians welcomed French seeing them as a route to modernisation

VB)French seen as foreigners that threatened religious institutions and ordinary people did not care about revolutionary ideas

Italy in 1810

Kingdom of Italy - most free , own institutions and officials degree of administrative autonomy but constrained by French interests

Kin glom of Naples - had limited independence but separate dynasty and administration

Territories attached to France Empire - least freedom , integrated into French administration system

Positives of Napoleonic Italy

• introduced liberal legislation(code Napoleon) sale of church land, reduced church power and improved efficiency of organisations

• emergence of middle class and napoleonic legislation benefits them most

• economic benefit - larger markets for trade

• strengthened power of state

Negatives of Napoleonic Italy

• limited independence - thousands of Italians forced to fight and die in foreign wars

• 90% Italians are catholic and oppose aggressive stance and secular reforms

• old monarchies and elite - lose power and wealth.Many have to flee or have less status then previously

Congress pf Vienna

• Piedmont restored under King Victor Emmanuel I now including savoy and nice as well as Genoa

• Lombardy and Venetia joined together and ruled by Viceroy from Vienna

• Central Duchies Tuscany Modena, Parma were restored to control of Austrian appointed rulers

• Papal States restored to power of Pope , Austrian armed forces there though

• Naples and Sicily- King Ferdinand I restored to throne with both Naples and Sicily but couldn’t make decisions without Austrian approval.

Rulers after restoration

• Piedmont - VEI very reactionary and restores Piedmont to 1790 → removes French advancements as well as freedoms

• Lombardy-Venetia - respond to public needs offer tax relief and set up soup kitchens

• Central Duchies - restored to Austrians → parma-legal code and Tuscan education reforms

• Papal States - (Cardinal Consalvi) keeps Napoleonic police force but after 1823 more conservative

• Naples/Sicily - Ferdinand I can't make decisions without consent from Austrians, all freedoms taken away

Naples Revolution 1820

• sparked by demands for constitutional government

• Want greater freedom after 1818 rules on church censorship

• January 18, 30 Carbonari advanced on Avellinoi led to wide uprising

• King forced to accept constitution

Sicily

• Sicily forced to become part pf Naples again and constitution abolished

• Riots broke out in Palermo and wanted a constitution

• revolutionaries broke out over city

Piedmont 1821

• reactionary policies and 17170 constitution re-enforced

• revolt broke out and Carbonari grew

• Mutiny of army abdicated VEI in Turin

• looked to Charles Albert but when Charles Felix returned he fled

• Austrian army defeated them

Modena 1831

• Enrico MIsley arrested

• Duke Francis IV went to Vienna

• revolutionaries took over and set uo provisional government

Parma

• Modena uprising encouraged students to organise riot and demand constitution

• talks of Modena and Parma having a joint army

• Marie-Louise fled

• Army defeat them and rioters imprisoned, exiled and executed

Papal States

• similar uprisings in Bologna and Ancona

• provisional governments set up

• Austrian army defeated them

• motivated by conservative rule

• Ancona Austrians so brutal French had to send down troops