HAH FINAL!!!!!

Washington’s farewell address

1. Warned against political factions

2. Advised against permanent foreign alliances

3. unity and patriotism

4. peaceful transfer of power

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent, from coast to coast, fueled by a sense of divine mission and superiority.

13th amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States. Ratified in 1865.

14th amendment

Amendment that grants equal protection under the law and due process to all citizens. Protects against state infringement of rights and ensures citizenship rights for all people born or naturalized in the US.

15th amendment

"Amendment granting African American men the right to vote. Passed in 1870, it aimed to ensure racial equality in voting rights."

Sharecropping System

A system in which landowners provided land, tools, and supplies to farmers in exchange for a share of their crops.

Reconstruction

Period following the American Civil War (1865-1877) aimed at rebuilding and reuniting the nation. Focused on integrating former slaves into society, granting them citizenship and voting rights. Reconstruction also involved the readmission of Confederate states into the Union and the implementation of laws to protect the rights of freedmen.

election of 1876

It involved Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. The outcome was controversial due to electoral votes being disputed in three southern states. A special electoral commission was formed to resolve the issue, and Hayes was declared the winner, but in exchange, federal troops were removed from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

compromise of 1877

Political agreement ending the Reconstruction era. It resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction and allowing Southern states to enact discriminatory Jim Crow laws.

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation laws under "separate but equal" doctrine. Legalized segregation until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

party of lincoln

Political party founded in 1854, advocating for the abolition of slavery and the promotion of economic development in the United States. It played a crucial role in preserving the Union during the Civil War and promoting civil rights for African Americans.

expansion and limitations to suffrage

included poll taxes, literacy tests, and discriminatory practices targeting minority groups.

republican motherhood

Ideology in early America that promoted the role of women as moral and civic educators within the family, aiming to raise virtuous citizens who would contribute to the success of the new republic.

monroe doctrine

Policy issued by US in 1823. It aimed to prevent European colonization in Americas and protect newly independent Latin American countries. Doctrine stated that any European interference in the region would be seen as a threat to US. It established US as dominant power in Western Hemisphere.

chinese exclusion act

US federal law (1882-1943) that prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers and denied citizenship to Chinese residents. It was the first major law restricting immigration based on nationality and led to significant discrimination against Chinese immigrants in the US.

poupulists

Political leaders who claim to represent the interests of ordinary people against the elite. They often use populist rhetoric and appeal to emotions rather than facts. Populists tend to criticize established institutions and advocate for policies that prioritize the majority.

william jennings bryan

American politician and orator who championed the cause of the common people. He ran for president three times, advocating for progressive policies such as income tax and the direct election of senators. Bryan is best known for his famous "Cross of Gold" speech, which supported bimetallism and criticized the gold standard.

JP morgan

American financier and banker who founded J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1871. He played a significant role in shaping the modern financial system and was a key figure in the development of corporate finance. Known for his wealth, influence, and philanthropy, he was one of the most powerful bankers of his time.

John D Rockefeller

American industrialist, Founder of Standard Oil Company, Dominated the oil industry in the late 19th century, Considered one of the richest individuals in history

Andrew Carnegie

Robber baron turned philanthropist, Built Carnegie Steel, dominated steel industry, Advocated for wealth redistribution, Donated to libraries, education, and arts, Wrote "The Gospel of Wealth", Supported social Darwinism

 Transcontinental Railroad

"Massive railroad system built in the 19th century connecting the eastern and western coasts of the United States. Completed in 1869, it played a crucial role in promoting trade, migration, and communication across the country."

railroad titans

Powerful individuals who dominated the railroad industry during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They built and controlled vast railway networks, accumulating immense wealth and political influence. Examples include Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, and James J. Hill. Their actions shaped the development of transportation and commerce in the United States.

interstate commerce act

Aimed to regulate railroad industry, First federal law to regulate business practices, Marked government intervention in economic affairs and laid the foundation for future antitrust legislation.

kings of industry

Term used to describe powerful industrialists in the late 19th century who amassed great wealth and influence through their monopolistic control over key industries. Examples include Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan.

vertical integration

A business strategy where a company controls and owns all aspects of the supply chain, from production to distribution. It helps reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain a competitive advantage.

horizontal integration

A strategy where a company acquires or merges with other companies operating in the same industry or producing similar products/services. It aims to consolidate market share, eliminate competition, and achieve economies of scale.

social darwinism

Belief that only the fittest individuals and societies survive and thrive, while the weak are left behind. Used to justify inequality and discrimination.

Sherman Anti-trust act

"Legislation passed in 1890 to prevent monopolistic practices and promote fair competition in the United States. It outlawed trusts and monopolies that restrained trade, aiming to protect consumers and ensure economic fairness."

party bosses

Powerful political leaders who controlled political machines and had significant influence over the nomination and election process. They often used their positions to reward loyal supporters and maintain their own power within the party.

political machines

Corrupt political organizations that controlled city governments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They offered favors and services in exchange for votes and support. Led by powerful bosses, they often engaged in bribery, fraud, and nepotism. Contributed to widespread political corruption and hindered democratic processes.

the gilded age

Period in U.S. history (late 19th century) characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and wealth accumulation for a few. However, it also masked social problems, political corruption, and income inequality.

problems of urban growth

overcrowding, traffic congestion, inadequate infrastructure, pollution, and social inequality.

old immigrants

Refers to immigrants who arrived in the United States before the 1880s. Primarily from Western and Northern Europe. Often had higher levels of education and skills. Assimilated more easily into American society.

New immigrants

Refers to immigrants who arrived in the United States between the 1880s and early 1900s. Mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia. Often had lower levels of education and skills. Faced more challenges in assimilating and were subject to discrimination.

settlement houses

Community centers in urban areas that provided social services and education to immigrants and the poor.

Jane Adamms

Social reformer and activist, Co-founder of Hull House in Chicago, Advocate for women's suffrage and peace, Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, Influential figure in the Progressive Era

nativism

Belief in protecting the interests of native-born citizens over immigrants. Often associated with anti-immigrant sentiment and policies.

hostility to new immigrants

Prejudice and opposition towards immigrants fueled by nativism. It can manifest through discriminatory policies, social exclusion, and violence.

booker t washington

African-American educator and leader in the late 19th century, Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to promote vocational education for Black Americans, Advocated for economic self-reliance and practical skills over political agitation, Believed in gradual progress and cooperation with white Americans for racial uplift

WEB DuBois

Prominent African American civil rights activist, writer, and scholar who co-founded the NAACP. Advocated for equal rights, education, and economic opportunities for African Americans. Opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodationist approach and called for immediate social and political equality. Wrote "The Souls of Black Folk" and emphasized the importance of education and intellectual advancement for racial uplift.

1896 election

Presidential election between William McKinley (Republican) and William Jennings Bryan (Democrat), characterized by economic issues and the debate over the gold standard. McKinley won, marking a shift towards pro-business policies and the end of the Populist movement.

William McKinley

25th President of the United States, Known for leading the nation during the Spanish-American War, Implemented protective tariffs to boost the economy, Assassinated in 1901, succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt

cross of gold speech

Famous speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. It advocated for the adoption of the silver standard to combat deflation and support farmers and workers. The speech emphasized the struggle between the common people and the wealthy elite, calling for economic justice and equality.

gold vs. free silver debate

Economic debate in late 19th century US. Gold standard supporters believed in backing currency with gold, ensuring stability. Free silver advocates wanted to include silver as well, increasing money supply and aiding debtors. Debate reflected different interests of industrialists and farmers.

reservation system

a software application that allows businesses to manage and organize bookings or appointments. It helps streamline operations, track availability, and ensure efficient customer service.

frederick jackson turner

American historian, Known for "Frontier Thesis", Argued frontier shaped American identity, Believed frontier's end signaled end of an era, Influenced study of American history

Frontier Thesis

played a crucial role in shaping American identity and democracy. It emphasized the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and the taming of the wilderness. It was proposed by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893.

frontier as a safety valve

The concept that the availability of unexplored land serves as a release valve for social and economic tensions within a society.

yellow press

Sensational journalism that prioritizes scandalous stories, exaggerations, and catchy headlines to attract readership.

Josiah strong’s our country

argued for American imperialism, promoting the idea of Anglo-Saxon superiority and the spread of Christianity. It influenced policies like the Spanish-American War and the Open Door Policy in China."

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s influence of sea power upon history

emphasized the significance of naval power in shaping history. Stressed the importance of a strong navy for a nation's economic and military dominance. Had a profound impact on the naval strategies and policies of many countries, particularly the United States.

imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, military force, or economic dominance over other countries or regions.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last monarch of Hawaii, fought against the US annexation. She advocated for native Hawaiian rights and cultural preservation. Overthrown in 1893, she was imprisoned in her own palace. Her reign ended the Hawaiian monarchy but inspired Hawaiian nationalism and the eventual statehood movement.

William Randolph Hearst

American newspaper publisher and media mogul who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and pioneered yellow journalism. He used his media empire to promote his personal and political agendas, influencing public opinion and shaping American journalism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Maine explosion

A catastrophic event that occurred on February 15, 1898, when the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba. The explosion led to the sinking of the ship and the deaths of 260 American sailors. This incident heightened tensions between the United States and Spain, eventually leading to the Spanish-American War.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, Known for his progressive policies and trust-busting efforts, Advocated for conservation and established national parks, Led the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, Championed the Square Deal, focusing on fair labor practices and consumer protection.

rough riders

Volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. Comprised of cowboys, miners, and college athletes, they fought in Cuba and played a crucial role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Rough Riders symbolized American bravery and helped propel Roosevelt's political career.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. First President of the Philippines. Fought for independence and against American imperialism.

Hawaii annexation

The event in 1898 where the United States acquired Hawaii as a territory, leading to its eventual statehood in 1959.

treaty of paris

Signed in 1783, Ended the American Revolutionary War, Recognized the independence of the United States, Established boundaries for the new nation, Britain ceded land east of the Mississippi River to the US

The White man’s burden

The belief that it was the duty of white Europeans to civilize and educate non-white peoples in their colonies during the era of imperialism.

Anti-imperialist league

Late 19th century American organization, Opposed US expansionism and imperialism, Advocated for self-determination of nations, Criticized annexation of Philippines and Hawaii, Promoted anti-war sentiment and non-interventionist policies

Teller amendment

A legislative measure adopted in 1898 by the US Congress. It declared that the United States had no intention of annexing or exerting control over Cuba after the Spanish-American War. This amendment aimed to reassure the Cuban people that the US would support their independence and self-governance.

platt amendment

An agreement between the US and Cuba in 1903. It allowed the US to intervene in Cuban affairs and lease Guantanamo Bay for naval purposes.

Filipino insurrection

Armed conflict (1899-1902) between Filipino revolutionaries and the United States, following the Spanish-American War. The Filipinos fought for independence, but were ultimately defeated by American forces. This event marked the end of Spanish colonial rule and the beginning of American colonial rule in the Philippines.

open door policy

A diplomatic approach by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for equal trading rights in China and opposing territorial divisions by other countries.

Panama independence

The separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903, supported by the United States. This led to the construction of the Panama Canal, allowing for easier trade and military access between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

US policy stating that it had the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability and protect its economic interests, as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine.

Big stick policy

Policy used by Theodore Roosevelt to assert US dominance in the Western Hemisphere. It involved using military force to protect American interests and intervene in Latin American countries.

progressive movement

Late 19th-early 20th century reform movement in the United States, aimed at addressing social, political, and economic issues. Advocated for government intervention to regulate big business, improve working conditions, and expand democracy. Led to reforms such as the Pure Food and Drug Act, and the 19th Amendment granting women's suffrage.

Jacob Riis

Photographer and social reformer who exposed the living conditions of the poor in late 19th century New York City. Used his book "How the Other Half Lives" to advocate for better housing and sanitation. His photographs shed light on the harsh realities of tenement life and helped bring about important reforms.

Upton Sinclair

American author and reformer known for his novel "The Jungle" (1906), which exposed the harsh conditions of the meatpacking industry. Sinclair's work led to significant changes in food safety regulations and labor laws in the United States.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 20th century. They aimed to bring about social and political reform through investigative reporting.

16th amendment

Ratified in 1913, it gave Congress the power to levy income taxes. This amendment significantly increased the government's revenue and allowed for the funding of various public programs and initiatives.

17th amendment

Amendment ratified in 1913, allowing for the direct election of United States Senators by the people of each state.

18th amendment

Prohibition amendment that banned the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933.

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote in the United States. Ratified in 1920, it marked a significant milestone in the fight for gender equality and expanded democratic participation.

TR as trustbuster

Nickname for Theodore Roosevelt's approach to regulating big business and monopolies in the early 1900s. He aimed to break up trusts and promote fair competition to protect consumers and prevent unfair practices.

Taft’s Dollar diplomacy

Policy implemented by President William Howard Taft in the early 20th century to promote U.S. economic influence in Latin America and Asia. It used American financial power to advance U.S. interests and secure favorable trade agreements, often involving loans to foreign governments.

Wilson’s moral diplomacy

Foreign policy approach by President Woodrow Wilson that aimed to promote democracy and moral values in international relations. It emphasized supporting governments based on democratic principles and opposing oppressive regimes. Wilson believed in using diplomacy to spread American ideals and influence, rather than military intervention.

taft as a trustbuster

President William Taft pursued antitrust policies to break up monopolies and promote fair competition in the early 20th century. Despite his conservative reputation, Taft actively enforced antitrust laws and filed more lawsuits against trusts than his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt. His efforts aimed to protect consumers and maintain economic balance.

Election of 1912

Presidential election where four candidates ran: Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), William H. Taft (Republican), Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive), and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist). Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party split Republican votes, allowing Wilson to win.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, Leader during World War I, Advocated for the League of Nations, Implemented progressive reforms, like the Federal Reserve, Known for his Fourteen Points plan for peace, Helped shape the Treaty of Versailles, Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1919

federal reserve act

passed in 1913, creating the Federal Reserve System. It established a central banking system in the United States, granting it the authority to regulate the country's monetary policy, supervise banks, and provide stability to the financial system.

start of WW1

"The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered the start of World War I. It led to a chain of events, including alliances and military mobilizations, ultimately escalating into a global conflict. The war lasted from 1914 to 1918 and had a profound impact on the world."

4 main causes of ww1

1. Nationalism: Intense pride in one's country led to competition and conflicts.

2. Imperialism: Competition for colonies and resources fueled tensions between nations.

3. Militarism: Arms race and build-up of military forces increased the likelihood of war.

4. Alliance System: Complex web of alliances created a domino effect, pulling nations into war.

the allies

Group of countries that formed a military alliance during World War II to fight against the Axis powers. Included the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and others.

central powers

Comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria, Opposed the Allied Powers, Fought against the Entente Powers on the Eastern and Western Fronts, Ultimately defeated in 1918, leading to the end of the war

U-boats

Type of German submarine used during World War I and World War II. Known for their stealth and ability to launch torpedoes at enemy ships. Played a significant role in naval warfare and were a major threat to Allied forces.

German unrestricted submarine warfare

German naval strategy during WWI where submarines attacked all ships, including civilian vessels, without warning or restraint, leading to increased tensions and ultimately drawing the United States into the war.

The sussex ultimatum and pledge

A diplomatic event during World War I where Germany promised to stop attacking passenger ships without warning, following the sinking of the British passenger ship Sussex in 1916. This pledge aimed to avoid the United States' involvement in the war and protect civilian lives at sea.

1916 election

Woodrow Wilson ran for re-election against Charles Evans Hughes. The election was dominated by the ongoing World War I and Wilson's promise to keep the country out of the conflict. Wilson narrowly won the election, securing his second term in office.

Zimmerman note

A secret telegram sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman in 1917, proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States during World War I. Its interception and publication by the British played a significant role in swaying American public opinion and ultimately led to the U.S. entering the war.

Wilson’s idealism

A foreign policy approach advocated by President Woodrow Wilson that emphasized promoting democracy, self-determination, and international cooperation. It aimed to establish a new world order based on collective security and the League of Nations. Wilson's idealism influenced the Treaty of Versailles and shaped the United States' role in global affairs in the early 20th century.

Impact of the Russian Revolution on ww1

led to Russia's withdrawal from WWI, as the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power. This weakened the Allied Powers and allowed Germany to focus its forces on the Western Front. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 further solidified Russia's exit from the war, enabling Germany to transfer troops to fight in other areas.

U.S declaration of war on Germany

The U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917, joining the Allied Powers. This decision was influenced by Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Telegram. It marked a significant turning point in World War 1.

Wilson’s fourteen points

A set of principles proposed by President Wilson in 1918 to establish peace after World War I. They aimed to promote self-determination, open diplomacy, disarmament, and the creation of an international organization (League of Nations) to prevent future conflicts.

League of nations

An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace and resolve conflicts. It aimed to prevent future wars through collective security and diplomacy. However, it faced challenges due to the absence of major powers like the US and limited enforcement capabilities. It laid the foundation for the United Nations.

CPI and propaganda during ww1

CPI (Committee on Public Information) was a U.S. government agency created to shape public opinion during World War 1. It used propaganda techniques to promote patriotism, support the war effort, and influence public perception. The CPI employed various media channels to disseminate pro-war messages, such as posters, pamphlets, and films.

the great migration

Movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities in the early 20th century seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial segregation and violence.