Studied by 3 people
alleles
genes that do the same job with different DNA sequences
phenotype
all the ways organisms interacts with its environment
theory
explanation of natural phenomena includes facts, observations, and laws suggests new hypotheses and experiments contains seeds of its own invalidation
evolution
changes in allele frequencies over time
Ways that evolution happens
natural selection bottleneck mutation founder effect
bottleneck
small population left after most die off
founder effect
small sample moved to a new location
H/W equation
p+q=1 (p^2)+2pq+(q^2)=1
p
frequency of dominant allele
q
frequency of recessive allele
p^2
frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
2pq
frequency of heterozygous individuals
q^2
frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
fitness
whoever leaves more surviving offspring
types of selection
stable, directional, stabilizing, directional, disruptive
stable selection
same environment
directional selection (environment)
different environment
stabilizing selection
persists, average is best
directional selection (graph)
average moves to the side, one extreme is favored over the other
disruptive selection
extremes are favored, easily forms new species
species
population of interbreeding individuals who do not interbreed with individuals from other populations
prezygotic barriers
prevent fertilization
postzygotic barriers
zygote dies early, cannot produce offspring, progressively weak generations until species die off
endosymbiotic theory
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells living together gave rise to modern eukaryotes
types of speciation
allopatric and sympatric
allopatric speciation
physical barrier
sympatric speciation
intrinsic genetic change
Eukaryotic groups
animals, plants, fungi, protists
phylogeny
groups organisms according to order that they branch from evolutionary lineage, used because nothing else makes sense
taxonomy
naming
population
a group of one species living in the same place at the same time, smallest unit to evolve over time
gene flow
members of population are free to mate with each other, prevention causes speciation
ecology
scientific study and knowledge of our home organisms or whole world
abiotic factors
non-living temperature, water and oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks and soil
biotic factors
living predation, herbivory, mutualism, parasitism, competition
biomes
major life zone characterized by vegetation tropical forest, temperate forest, coniferous forest, grassland, tundra, desert
distrubance
changes in community of organisms
pelagic zone
deep water
benthic zone
bottom, ocean floor
littoral zone
waters close to shore, rooted plants, in photic zone
exponential population growth
population increase under ideal conditions
K-selected
maximizing survival instead of numbers, most mammals
r-selected
maximize numbers instead of survival
Note 
Flashcard (93)