Bio Final

alleles

genes that do the same job with different DNA sequences

phenotype

all the ways organisms interacts with its environment

theory

explanation of natural phenomena
includes facts, observations, and laws
suggests new hypotheses and experiments
contains seeds of its own invalidation

evolution

changes in allele frequencies over time

Ways that evolution happens

natural selection
bottleneck
mutation
founder effect

bottleneck

small population left after most die off

founder effect

small sample moved to a new location

H/W equation

p+q=1
(p^2)+2pq+(q^2)=1

p

frequency of dominant allele

q

frequency of recessive allele

p^2

frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

2pq

frequency of heterozygous individuals

q^2

frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

fitness

whoever leaves more surviving offspring

types of selection

stable, directional, stabilizing, directional, disruptive

stable selection

same environment

directional selection (environment)

different environment

stabilizing selection

persists, average is best

directional selection (graph)

average moves to the side, one extreme is favored over the other

disruptive selection

extremes are favored, easily forms new species

species

population of interbreeding individuals who do not interbreed with individuals from other populations

prezygotic barriers

prevent fertilization

postzygotic barriers

zygote dies early, cannot produce offspring, progressively weak generations until species die off

endosymbiotic theory

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells living together gave rise to modern eukaryotes

types of speciation

allopatric and sympatric

allopatric speciation

physical barrier

sympatric speciation

intrinsic genetic change

Eukaryotic groups

animals, plants, fungi, protists

phylogeny

groups organisms according to order that they branch from evolutionary lineage, used because nothing else makes sense

taxonomy

naming

population

a group of one species living in the same place at the same time, smallest unit to evolve over time

gene flow

members of population are free to mate with each other, prevention causes speciation

ecology

scientific study and knowledge of our home
organisms or whole world

abiotic factors

non-living
temperature, water and oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks and soil

biotic factors

living
predation, herbivory, mutualism, parasitism, competition

biomes

major life zone characterized by vegetation
tropical forest, temperate forest, coniferous forest, grassland, tundra, desert

distrubance

changes in community of organisms

pelagic zone

deep water

benthic zone

bottom, ocean floor

littoral zone

waters close to shore, rooted plants, in photic zone

exponential population growth

population increase under ideal conditions

K-selected

maximizing survival instead of numbers, most mammals

r-selected

maximize numbers instead of survival