Acids, Bases, and Salts Review

Practice flashcards covering the properties, classifications, and uses of acids, bases, and salts, including indicators and neutralization reactions.

From which Latin word does the term 'acid' originate, and what does it mean?

It comes from the Latin word 'acere', which means sour.

List the organic acids found in apples, citrus fruits, and spinach.

Apples contain Malic acid, citrus fruits contain Citric acid, and spinach contains Oxalic acid.

Which acid is obtained from gooseberries?

Ascorbic acid.

What are the two types of acid classifications based on sources?

Organic acids (obtained from living beings) and Mineral acids (obtained from labs).

Give examples of strong mineral acids that are highly corrosive.

Hydrochloric, Nitric, and Sulphuric acids.

Identify three examples of weak acids.

Acetic, Lactic, Carbonic, or Phosphoric acids.

What is the difference between a concentrated acid and a diluted acid?

A concentrated acid has less water, while a diluted acid has a larger amount of water.

What is the safe procedure for the dilution of a concentrated acid?

A small amount of concentrated acid should be added to water slowly with constant stirring to prevent splashing.

What are the general characteristics of acids regarding taste, solubility, and conductivity?

Acids taste sour, are mostly soluble in water, and conduct electricity in a solution state.

How do acids affect litmus paper?

Acids turn blue litmus paper red.

Which acid is used in the dairy industry to make yogurt and cheese?

Lactic acid.

What are the industrial uses of Sulphuric acid ($H_2SO_4$)?

It is used in the preparation of fertilisers, detergents, and lead-acid batteries for automobiles.

What is the definition of an 'alkali'?

An alkali is a base that is soluble in water.

Identify the common names for Sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$) and Calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$).

$NaOH$ is known as Caustic Soda and $Ca(OH)_2$ is known as Slaked Lime.

Which base is commonly called 'Milk of Magnesia' and what is its use?

$\text{Magnesium hydroxide}$ ($Mg(OH)_2$); it is used to relieve stomach aches and as a flame retardant in plastic.

What are the characteristics of bases regarding taste and texture?

Bases taste bitter and have a soapy feel.

What color change occurs when a base is applied to red litmus paper?

It turns the red litmus paper blue.

Which species of lichen is used to prepare litmus paper?

$\text{Roccella tinctoria}$.

Describe the color changes of Phenolphthalein in acidic and basic solutions.

It remains colourless in acid and turns pink in base.

What are the color changes of Methyl orange in acidic and basic environments?

It turns red in acid and yellow in base.

How does China rose extract indicate the presence of an acid or a base?

It turns magenta in acid and greenish-yellow in base.

What is an olfactory indicator?

An indicator that changes its smell when it comes into contact with an acid or a base.

Describe the reaction of Vanilla extract to acidic and basic substances.

It maintains a sweet smell in acidic conditions but has no smell in basic conditions.

Who formulated the pH scale and what range of values does it cover?

S ren S rensen formulated it in $1909$; it varies from $0$ to $14$.

On the pH scale, what values represent acidic, neutral, and basic substances?

$0$ is very acidic, $7$ is neutral, and $14$ is very basic.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A chemical change that takes place when acids and bases are mixed, forming salt, water, and heat ($\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water} + \text{Heat}$).

What describes a 'Basic Salt'?

A salt formed from the reaction of a weak acid and a strong base, such as Sodium acetate.

What is the chemical equation for the formation of Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$)?

$$HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O + \text{Heat}$$

What is the use of Potassium Aluminum Sulphate (Alum)?

It prevents bleeding from small cuts and is used in water purification plants.

Which salt is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and explosives?

Potassium nitrate.

Why is neutralisation important for soil treatment?

If soil is too acidic (often from fertilisers), bases are added; if it is too basic, it is treated with compost (an acid) to reach a neutral state.

How is the irritation of an ant sting treated using chemistry?

Because ant stings contain acid, a base is applied to neutralise it and provide relief.

Why is wastewater treated with bases before being released into freshwater?

Wastewater is often acidic and can have adverse effects on marine life; treating it with bases neutralises the acidity.