Patho Final Exam: Conditions

pregnancy

period of fetal development inside the womb, lasting about 40 weeks and divided into three trimesters

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection by a gram- bacteria in the urinary tract that may cause changes in mental status, bladder pain, cloudy/foul smelling urine, and requires antibiotics for tx

syphilis

STI caused by the bacterium T. pallidum and may cause chancres on the genitalia, fever, and rash

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

STI with a retrovirus that attacks the immune system and may cause weight loss, fatigue, fever, lymphadenopathy

human papilloma virus (HPV)

viral infection that can cause skin warts, genital warts, and some forms of cancer

genital herpes

viral infection that causes an acute inflammatory disease of the genitalia

candidiasis

fungal infection caused by Candida yeast and may cause white patches in the mouth/throat, white/yellow vaginal discharge, flank pain

community acquired pneumonia

lung infection contracted in daily life that may cause cough, fever, chest pain, chills

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

progressive lung disease that causes restricted airflow and breathing problems; may see tripod position for breathing, barrel chest, pursed lips, use of accessory muscles

influenza 

acute, highly contagious, common infection of the respiratory tract that is transmitted by inhaling a respiratory droplet 

tuberculosis

acute or chronic lung infection caused by M. tuberculosis that may lead to cough, weakness, night sweats, fever

pneumonia

acute lung infection that impairs gas exchange and may lead to fever, chills, cough, crackles, wheezing, rhonchi

varicella

acute highly contagious viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus and leads to fever, rash, motor weakness, neck lymphadenopathy

german measles

highly contagious infection caused by the rubella virus that leads to rash, fever, cough, sore throat

herpes zoster

acute unilateral dermatologic rash with vesicular lesions, AKA shingles, reactivated varicella virus

impetigo

highly contagious, gram + bacterial infection of the superficial skin layers that may lead to fever, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy

atopic dermatitis

chronic skin disorder characterized by superficial skin inflammation and intense itching

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear due to an infection that may lead to purulent discharge, conductive hearing loss

bacterial conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva due to an infection that may lead to discharge, crust, and drooping eyelid

fracture

break in a bone due to traumatic injury or bone weakening conditions

osteoarthritis

progressive inflammatory degenerative disease of the joints that leads to joint swelling, muscle atrophy, and gait abnormalities

osteoporosis

bone disease caused by loss of calcium and phosphate from bones resulting in decreased bone density

gout

inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystalline deposits due to decreased kidney excretion of uric acid

scleroderma

connective tissue disease characterized by inflammatory, degenerative and fibrotic changes in skin, blood vessels, synovial membranes, skeletal muscles, and internal organs that may lead to CREST syndrome

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic symmetrical autoimmune inflammatory disease that leads to joint deformities, decreased ROM, and painful joints

burn

traumatic injury to the skin or tissue due to thermal, cold, electrical, radiation, friction, or chemical exposure

pressure ulcer

AKA decubiti, localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue

synergic graft

transplant between genetically identical individuals, no GVHD risk

autograft

patient’s own tissue is transplanted from one part of the body to another

allograft

tissue transplant from one individual to another of the same species

impacted cerumen

build up of earwax that blocks the ear canal causing symptoms like ear pain, hearing loss, dizziness

bipolar disorder

affective disorder marked by severe pathologic mood swings, ranging from hyperactivity and euphoria to sadness and depression

diplopia

double vision caused by a variety of conditions such as DM, encephalitis, intracranial aneurysm, etc.

parkinson

neurologic disorder that causes progressive deterioration characterized by involuntary tremors, muscle rigidity, and bradykinesia

multiple sclerosis

progressive immune-mediated inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

migraine headache

episodic headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually unilaterally

pacemaker

device that sends electrical signals to the heart and is used to treat abnormally slow HR

repolarization

process of returning a cell to its resting negative electrical state after it has been excited

depolarization

cell’s membrane potential becomes less negative to allow for the transmission of electrical signals

exophthalmos

unilateral or bilateral bulging or protrusion of the eyeballs

hyperthyroidism

elevated thyroid function that results in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones and may cause goiters, exophthalmos, tremors, brittle hair

graves disease

autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and may lead to anxiety, weakness, weight loss, fatigue

acromegaly

disease that makes some parts of the body grow bigger than normal due to a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland where GH is made

somatotroph adenoma

pituitary tumor that overproduces GH

steven-johnson syndrome

rare and serious hypersensitivity reaction to medication or infection causing a burning rash

c. diff

GI infection caused by gram + anaerobic spore forming bacillus that leads to diarrhea and abdominal tenderness

raynaud’s phenomenon

blood vessels in the fingers and toes overreact to cold or stress causing them to narrow and reduce blood flow

systemic lupus erythematous

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, and serous membranes 

guillain barre syndrome

immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system resulting in progressive muscle weakness that may lead to paralysis

myasthenia gravis

acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal fatigability of striated muscles

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

development of psychological stress after exposure to a traumatic event

peripheral neuropathy

nerve damage that may lead to weakness, trouble balancing, numbness, tingling

vertigo

type of dizziness that is caused by inner ear problems and certain medications