Y13 PSYCH L10 N4

SCHIZOPHRENIA 1

what are the three biological explanations for schizophrenia

genetics neural correlates and the dopamine hypothesis

what does the genetic explanation for schizophrenia state?

schizophrenia runs in families and risk increases based on how close the affected relative is to you

what evidence is used to outline the genetic basis of schizophrenia

adoption studies twin studies and concordance rates

explain adoption studies for the genetic basis of schizophrenia

comparing twins who have been adopted with incidence of sz to biological and adoptive parents

what are adoption studies in schizopjhrenia biological explanations used to do

determine whether inheritance is based on nature or nurture 

what are concordance rates

a statistical measure of similarity

what are the concordance rates for schizophrenia

6% to 48% from parents to identical twins

what doe the concordance rates for schizophrenia show

as genetic similarity increases so does concordance

what does the neural correlate explanation for schizophrenia stipulate

it is related to structural and functional brain abnormalities

how are neural correlates assesed

fmri comparisons with sufferers and non sufferers

what are positive symptoms related to in terms of neural correlations

hallucinations develop due to inactivity in the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus

what are negative symptoms related to in terms of neural correlations

avolition develops due to abnormalities in the ventral striatum

what is the ventral striatum related to

anticipation of rewards

define family dysfunction

maladaptive relationships in which family communication is strained and experiences create stress 

give 2 examples of family dysfunction

schizophrenogenic mother and family schism

what is the schizophrenogenic mother and how does this relate to schizophrenia

a rejecting and controlling mother that creates tension and secrecy in the family leading to paranoid delusions

what is family schism and how does this relate to schizophrenia

one spouse taking a submissive role in the relationship and overlooking the faults of the other spouse causing confusion leading to withdrawal

what are the two issues with diagnosis of schizophrenia

validity and reliability

what issues come under reliability in diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

culture 

what issues come under the issue of validity in diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

gender comorbidity and symptom overlap

what is reliability in terms of schizophrenia

consistency of symptom measurement and diagnosis 

what two types of relaibility do we study in relation to schizophrenia 

inter rater and test retest

what is test retest reliability in relation to sz

the ability to reach the same diagnosis at two different points in time

what is inter rater reliability in terms of sz

different clinicians reaching the same conclusions

what is reliabilty measured with in terms of sz

kappa score

what is a kappa score

a measure of interater reliability from 0 to 1

what is validity

the extent to which we measure wht we intend to

what is criterion validity

do different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the same patient

what is predicitive validity

whether or not diagnosis leads to succesful treatment

what evudence is there to demonstrate a lack of reliability

37% test retest concordance rates and 67% difference in diagnosis of schizophrenia based on a brief between UK and US doctors 

what evidence is there to demonstrate reliability in diagnosis of schizophrenia

81% concordance rate of diagnosis using DSM and 98% concordance using ICD

what study proves low validity in diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

rosenhans sane in insane places

explain rosenhans study

participants claimed to hear voices and were admitted to psychiatric hosptals though they acted sane after this they were discharged with a schizophrenia diagnosis

what study demonstrates high validity in diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

mason who found through comparison of 4 diagnosis systems that more modern systems had higher predictive validity