Human Anatomy and Physiology Review Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards generated from the Human Anatomy and Physiology Post Test review material.

Which structures are included in the anatomical definition of the skull?

The bones of the head, face, and mandible.

What is the total number of vertebrae in infants?

33

What is the location and orientation of the odontoid process?

It projects upward from C2 (axis).

What compound of iron and protein is contained in red blood cells?

Hemoglobin

What is another term used for a red blood cell?

Erythrocyte

What structural features characterize the left lung?

It consists of two lobes and contains the lingula.

What flat leaf-shaped plate of cartilage acts as the guardian of the airways?

Epiglottis

What triangular box-like structure lies in front of the neck?

Larynx

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs and chest wall called?

Pleural cavity

How many total ribs are attached to the sternum via costal cartilage?

14 ribs (7 pairs of true ribs)

What structure is considered the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

What is the term for the division of the cell cytoplasm?

Cytokinesis

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

Epidermis

Which epidermal layer is responsible for the skin's waterproof characteristic?

Stratum corneum

Which dermal receptors are responsible for detecting cold sensations?

Krause end bulbs

Which division of the nervous system regulates involuntary activities like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland functions?

Autonomic nervous system

Which brain structure provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls posture, balance, and coordination?

Cerebellum

Which region of the brain plays a central role in regulating body temperature, water balance, metabolism, and emotional drives?

Hypothalamus

Which structure connects the medulla oblongata to the midbrain?

Pons

Which cranial nerve conveys taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Which pancreatic hormone acts to decrease blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which hormones stimulate the growth of the uterine lining?

Estrogen, Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and Progesterone

Which hormone directly stimulates the secretion of milk?

Prolactin

Which suture is found between the two parietal bones?

Sagittal suture

What is the anatomical name for the external occipital protuberance?

Inion

Which horseshoe-shaped bone features upturned posterior ends that articulate with the temporal bone?

Mandible

Which flat, triangular bone lies against the upper lateral posterior chest wall?

Scapula

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra (C1)?

Atlas

Which molecule contains all hereditary information representing a cell?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What is the correct sequential order of the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What are the small dot-like structures used for protein synthesis in the cell?

Ribosomes

Which chestnut-shaped gland encircles the upper part of the male urethra just below the urinary bladder?

Prostate gland

Which hollow organ receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized egg?

Uterus

Which paired glands flank the vagina and secrete fluid to lubricate its distal end during intercourse?

Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)

Where are the two bean-shaped kidneys located?

In the upper posterior abdomen.

What structure serves as the passage for urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body?

Urethra

Where is the urinary bladder anatomically located?

In the pelvis behind the symphysis pubis.

Which major vein drains blood from the upper half of the body?

Superior vena cava

What vessels serve as the main blood supply to the heart tissue itself?

Coronary arteries

Into which major vessel does the left side of the heart pump oxygenated blood?

Aorta

Which chamber of the heart is most commonly affected by a myocardial infarction?

Left ventricle

What is the outer sac-like covering of the heart called?

Pericardium

At what anatomical structure does the mainstem bronchi bifurcate?

Carina

Which structure serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems?

Pharynx

What term defines the mechanical act of moving air in and out of the lungs?

Ventilation

What are two alternate names for the respiratory zone of the lungs?

Acinus and alveoli

Which organ lies transversely in the upper posterior abdomen behind the duodenum and stomach?

Pancreas

Which solid organ occupies the upper right abdomen and extends to the left of the midline?

Liver

Which pear-shaped hollow organ lies in an impression on the under surface of the liver?

Gallbladder

Which bones belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Scapula, humerus, and tarsals.

Which structure is formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae?

Sacrum

What smooth, rounded bony prominence is located above the root of the nose?

Glabella

Which suture crosses the roof of the skull transversely behind the forehead?

Coronal suture

What beaklike projection extends from the anterior surface of the ulna below and in front of the olecranon?

Coronoid process

What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body?

Femur

Which bones are classified as flat bones?

Skull bones, sternum, and scapula.

Which wrist bone is particularly prone to fracture?

Scaphoid bone

What is the first part of the male duct system that serves as a temporary storage site for immature sperm?

Epididymis

What is another medical term for the spinal cord?

Medulla spinalis

Which structures comprise the hindbrain?

Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.

Which cranial nerve lobe/center governs vision in the cerebrum?

Occipital lobe

Which cerebral lobe contains functional centers for memory and hearing?

Temporal lobe

What is the clear, colorless liquid formed from blood in the choroid plexus?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Where do gastric ulcers most commonly occur in the stomach?

Lesser curvature of the stomach

Which section of the small intestine extends from the jejunum to the cecum junction?

Ileum

What is the primary storage organ for swallowed food in the digestive system?

Stomach

What muscular organ is attached to the floor of the mouth?

Tongue

What is the large prominence located on the outer border of the femur?

Greater trochanter

What is the largest muscle in the human body?

Gluteus maximus

What is considered the strongest muscle in the human body?

Masseter

How many branching generations make up the tracheobronchial tree?

23 generations

What type of respiration occurs between the systemic capillaries and body tissues?

Internal respiration

What is the name of the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs?

Mediastinum

What is the normal lifespan of red blood cells?

90–120 days

Where is the lambdoidal suture located?

Between the parietal and occipital bones.

To which skeletal division does the sternum belong?

Axial skeleton

What sesamoid bone is embedded within the tendon of the anterior thigh muscle?

Patella

What joint joins the bodies of the two pubic bones?

Symphysis pubis

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system stimulates piloerection?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system causes erection via vasodilation?

Parasympathetic nervous system

How many total spinal cord segments/levels are present in humans?

31

What neuronal processes convey incoming electrical signals toward the cell body?

Dendrites

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for turning the head?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

What plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts?

Coronal section

Which hormone acts to reduce blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

What components make up the peripheral nervous system?

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Between which landmarks does the spinal cord extend inside the spinal canal?

From the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra (L2).

The hypothalamus is an important center for drives and emotions as part of what functional brain system?

Limbic system

What finger-like projections are located on the funnel-shaped infundibulum of the uterine tube?

Fimbriae

Which duct carries sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity?

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

What is the normal average pH of human urine?

6

What three basic processes are involved in urine formation?

Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

Which type of nephrons are located at the boundary between the renal cortex and medulla?

Juxtamedullary nephrons