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Geographic Coordinate System
A system that uses spherical coordinates (latitude and longitude) to locate points on the Earth's surface.
Planimetric/Projected Coordinate System
A 2D coordinate system that uses linear units (e.g., meters, feet) to locate points on a flat surface.
Graticule
A network of lines representing meridians and parallels on a map.
Datum
A reference point or surface used to define the location of points on the Earth's surface.
Standard Parallel
A line of latitude where the map projection is tangent to the Earth, resulting in no distortion.
Central Meridian
A line of longitude that serves as the center of a map projection.
False Easting/Northing
Linear values applied to the origin of a coordinate system to ensure all coordinates are positive.
Cartesian Coordinate System
A coordinate system that uses X and Y axes to define locations on a 2D plane.
UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator)
A projected coordinate system that divides the Earth into 60 zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide.
U.S. State Plane
A coordinate system used in the United States for local mapping, divided into 120 zones.
Albers Equal Area Conic
A conic map projection that preserves area, commonly used for thematic mapping of North America.
Web Mercator
A cylindrical projection based on a sphere, commonly used for web mapping applications.
False Origin
A shifted origin in a coordinate system to avoid negative coordinates.
Secant Projection
A map projection where the surface intersects the Earth at two lines (standard parallels).
Conformal Projection
A map projection that preserves angles locally, but not necessarily area or distance.
