Period 1

Period 1

During this period, the Abbasids expanded their empire significantly but became politically and culturally disconnected from their former territories.

Period 1

Ashoka, an Indian emperor, promoted the spread of Buddhism, leaving a profound and enduring impact on the culture and religious practices in Asia.

Period 1

The beginning of the Bantu migrations marked a critical movement of people in Africa, which led to diverse cultural exchanges and demographic shifts across the continent.

Period 1

The Black Plague was a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe, killing a substantial portion of the population and transforming societal structures.

Period 1

The Il Khans, a Mongol dynasty, ruled over Persia and the greater Muslim Middle East, influencing cultural and political dynamics in the region.

Period 2

The fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of a significant period in European history, leading to shifts in power and trade routes.

Period 1

Cahokia was a pre-Columbian Native American city located near modern-day St. Louis, known for its impressive earthworks and urban complexity.

Period 1

Caravanserais were essential roadside inns in the Middle East, facilitating trade and cultural exchange along trade routes.

Period 1

Champa rice, a fast-maturing and drought-resistant rice variety, significantly increased agricultural production in China and supported population growth.

Period 1

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated by European Christians aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Period 3

The 1st Industrial Revolution marked a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, primarily beginning with advancements in manufacturing processes and technology.

Period 2

The 95 Theses were a list of propositions for debate written by Martin Luther, challenging the practices of the Catholic Church, especially the sale of indulgences.

Period 2

Absolutism refers to a political doctrine where a single ruler holds absolute power over the state, commonly seen in European monarchies during this period.

Period 2

Akbar was a notable Mughal emperor recognized for his policies of religious tolerance and cultural integration in India during his reign.

Period 2

The Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas, where they were enslaved and exploited for labor.

Period 2

Atlantic slave trade develops

Period 3

The 1st Industrial Revolution began a profound transformation in manufacturing, leading to increased production and urbanization.

Period 3

The 2nd Industrial Revolution, characterized by advancements in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes, significantly shaped modern industry.

Period 3

The abolitionist movement worked to end slavery and promote equal rights, gaining significant traction in various parts of the world.

Period 3

The Berlin Conference established formal guidelines for European colonization and trade in Africa, leading to significant changes in the continent's political landscape.

Period 4

The Communist Revolution in Russia was a political revolution that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a socialist state, influenced by earlier socialist ideas.

Period 4

Appeasement in Europe refers to the policy of making concessions to aggressive powers in order to avoid conflict, particularly leading up to World War II.

Period 4

The Amritsar Massacre was a tragic event where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians, igniting widespread outrage and resistance against British rule.

Period 4

Apartheid was a systematic policy of racial segregation enforced by the government in South Africa, institutionalizing discrimination against non-white populations.

Period 4

The policy of appeasement allowed aggressive states to expand their influence unopposed, highlighting the failures of European powers to confront tyranny before World War II.

Period 4

The Balfour Declaration was a statement by the British government expressing support for a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine.

Period 4

The Cold War was a prolonged period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, characterized by ideological, political, and military rivalry.

Period 4

The Communist Revolution in China led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China, marking a significant shift in governance and society towards communism.

Period 4

The Communist Revolution in Russia, part of a broader wave of revolutionary movements, resulted in the establishment of a communist government following years of

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Feudalism at its height in Europe: A social structure prevalent in medieval Europe where land was held by lords who granted land to vassals in exchange for military service.

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Footbinding becomes popular: A traditional Chinese practice that involved tightly binding the feet of young girls to prevent growth, making them smaller.

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Grand Canal in China: A major inland waterway transportation system in China that, while established earlier, remained significant from 1200 to 1450.

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Ibn Battuta travels the Islamic world: A Moroccan scholar and traveler who explored much of the Islamic world in the 14th century.

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Incan height of power: A period during which the Inca Empire expanded and flourished in South America.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

Devshirme develops: A practice under the Ottoman Empire of requiring Christian communities to hand over a certain number of boys for conversion and military service.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

Edo Period in Japan: A period of Japanese history from 1603 to 1868, characterized by a stable government and isolationist policies.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

Encomienda: A Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from indigenous people.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

Establishment of Maroon societies: Communities formed by escaped enslaved people in the Americas, often located in remote areas.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

European colonialism of the Americas begins: The establishment of European settlements and control over the indigenous populations starting in the late 15th century.

2. c. 1450 to c. 1750

Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

Declaration of the Rights of Man: A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlines individual and collective rights.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

French Revolution: A period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

German Unification: The process of unifying various independent German states into a single nation-state, completed in 1871.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

Haiti Revolts: The successful slave revolt that led to Haiti's independence from France in 1804.

4. 1900 to Present

Ho Chi Minh: Vietnamese revolutionary leader who was a key figure in the struggle for Vietnamese independence.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

Hong Xiuquan: Leader of the Taiping Rebellion in mid-1800s China, which sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

3. c. 1750 to c. 1900

Imperialism at its height: The period in which European powers expanded their empires across Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Appeasement in Europe: A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to aggressive nations, notably prior to WWII.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Cultural Revolution in China: A sociopolitical movement initiated by Mao Zedong in 1966 aimed at enforcing communism by removing capitalist, traditional, and cultural elements.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Five Year Plans in Russia: A series of nationwide centralized economic goals and initiatives in the Soviet Union aimed at rapid industrial growth.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Glasnost and Perestroika: Policies introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s aimed at increasing transparency and restructuring the Soviet economy.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Great Depression: A severe worldwide economic downturn that took place during the 1930s.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Great Leap Forward: An economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962, which aimed to rapidly transform the country into a socialist society.

4. c. 1900 to Present

Green Revolution: A set of research and technological initiatives that increased agricultural

1. c. 1200 to c. 1450

Delhi Sultanate: A Muslim kingdom that ruled a large portion of India from 1206 to 1526.