ruminant intestinal nematodes, liver parasites, respiratory internal parasites- unit 3

phylum/class of Cooperia spp

Nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Cooperia spp

small intestine

what species does Cooperia spp affect?

cattle

life cycle of Cooperia spp

same as Haemonchus EXCEPT: overwinter, does NOT go through hypobiosis

pathology of Cooperia spp

permanent changes, but not as bad as in the HOT complex, will cause more problems when mixed in with the HOT complex (especially with OT)

clinical signs of Cooperia spp

diarrhea, decreased rate of gain

diagnosis of Cooperia spp

fecal float: strongyle-type egg

Baermann: ID larvae

treatment for Cooperia spp

fenbendazole, strategic deworming, pasture management

phylum/class for Nematodirus spp

Nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Nematodirus spp

small intestine

what species does Nematodirus spp affect?

sheep and cattle

life cycle of Nematodirus spp

ingestion of infective larvae, similar to Haemonchus EXCEPT: CAN overwinter (L3 does not hatch out of egg until ideal weather), does NOT go through hypobiosis, few eggs are produced, eggs survive in environment for 1-2 years

pathology of Nematodirus spp

causes permanent changes in the SI mucosa

clinical signs of Nematodirus spp

similar to Cooperia, fairly mild unless heavy worm burden- mild diarrhea and decreased rate of gain

what number of EPG’s for Nematodirus spp is considered severe infections?

3,000

what age in cattle have an immunity to nematode?

for most, by 6 months of age

diagnosis of Nematodirus spp

fecal float with sheathers: very large eggs with 4-8 blastomeres

control for Nematodirus spp

larvae survive within the egg well, keep adult sheep on heavily infected pastures, benzimidazole as needed

common name for Bunostomum spp

the ruminant hookworm

phylum/class of Bunostomum spp

Nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Bunostomum spp

SI

what species does Bunostomum spp affect?

cattle, sheep, goats

is Bunostomum spp zoonotic?

yes

life cycle of Bunostomum spp

adults lay eggs while in the SI, eggs hatch and L3 larvae are infective, L3 larvae are eaten OR penetrate skin and migrate, does NOT go through hypobiosis

pathogenesis of Bunostomum spp

attach to mucosa and suck blood

clinical signs of Bunostomum spp

bloody stool, bottle jaw, pale MM, emaciation, itchy skin where larvae entered

diagnosis of Bunostomum spp:

fecal float: strongyle-type egg, Baermann to ID larvae, CBC:anemia

treatment and control for Bunostomum spp

supportive care, strategic deworming

is Bunostomum spp reversible?

yes, if caught early

location of Strongyloides spp

small intestine

what species does Strongyloides spp affect?

ruminants (goats)

life cycle of Strongyloides spp

most ruminants get infected via transmammary, can penetrate the skin to infect, **only female worms are parasitic**, feed on blood

diagnosis of Strongyloides spp

NOT STRONGYLE-TYPE (smaller than strongyle-type eggs)

common name for Trichuris spp

Ruminant whipworm

phylum/class of Trichuris spp

Nemathelminthes- nematoda

location of Trichuris spp

cecum

what species does Trichuris spp affect?

cattle, sheep, goats, camelids, pigs

life cycle of Trichuris spp

ingest egg

diagnosis of Trichuris spp

biplugged eggs

does Bunostomum go through hypobiosis?

no, can’t find if it overwinters

does Strongyloides go through hypobiosis?

no, can overwinter though

does Trichuris go through hypobiosis?

no, can’t find if it overwinters

ruminant protozoa:

• major problem in calves and lambs

• more economic loss than any other parasite in young calves

• major problems with poor immune system and stressful environment

common name for Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis (Eimeria spp)

Coccidia or Coccidiosis

phylum of Eimeria spp

protozoa

location of Eimeria spp

distal SI, cecum, colon

what species does Eimeria spp affect?

cattle, goat, sheep

life cycle of Eimeria spp

same as Cytoisospora

• invades epithelial cells

• infective immediately when passed

PPP for Eimeria spp

2-3 weeks

what are the 2 forms of Eimeria spp?

Enteric coccidiosis: cellular destruction which predisposes animal to secondary bacterial infection

Nervous coccidiosis: high mortality and death

clinical signs of Eimeria spp for the enteric form:

low rates of gain, “silent thief in the feedlot”, loss of appetite, tenesmus, diarrhea, watery stool with blood clots

clinical signs of Eimeria spp for the nervous form:

sudden onset, occurs more often in cold months, high mortality

diagnosis for Eimeria spp

fecal float- look for oocysts (problem is that the clinical signs have been going on for a while before diagnosis is possible

rule out everything else: BVDV and stress are contributing factors

treatment and control of Eimeria spp

supportive therapy, keep affected animals away from unaffected animals for 2-3 weeks after signs have subsided, decrease stress

common Coccidiostats:

Amprolium (Corid), Decoquinate (Decox), Lasalocid (Bovatec), Monensin (Rumensin; increases the permeability of cell membrane)

common name for Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium andersoni (Cryptosporidium spp)

Crypto

phylum of Cryptosporidium spp

protozoa

location of Cryptosporidium spp 

SI, LI (sometimes abomasum)

what/who does Crypto affects?

everyone, every species

life cycle of Crypto

does not require IH, sporozoites interfere with the function of the “brush border” of the GI tract, immediately infective when passed

PPP of Crypto

2-14 days

pathology of Crypto

malabsorption, maldigestion, much more susceptible to disease if no functional rumen (less than 30 days), more susceptible if offspring of a heifer than a cow

clinical signs of crypto

nothing to severe, watery diarrhea, can shows signs as early as 5 days old, occurs between 1-2 weeks of age

diagnosis of crypto

fecal float with sheathers, IFA is gold standard

treatment of crypto

immune response of animal, prevention/control, supportive care, electrolyte replacement

epidemiology of crypto

humans can get severe diarrhea from this protozoan

phylum of Giardia bovis (Giardia spp) 

protozoa

location of Giardia spp

SI

what species does Giardia bovis affect?

calves

is giardia in calves the same as in dogs/cats?

no, but it does act the same way

life cycle of giardia bovis

acts the same as in small animals; cysts passed in feces, cysts ingested by animal, mature in SI of the animal (trophozoite), immediately infective when passed in feces(these are the ones that swim- the trophozoites)

pathogenesis of giardia spp

attach to epithelial cells which result in:

• decreased ability to absorb

• decreased ability to digest

bigger problem when it is infected along with Cryptosporidium or Eimeria

can you give oral metronidazole to large animals?

no, it is illegal, especially food production animals

clinical signs of Giardia spp

intermittent to constant diarrhea for weeks

diagnosis of giardia spp

fecal float= ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate), fecal smear= trophozoites, ELISA antigen of fecal sample

treatment of giardia spp

fenbendazole

control of giardia spp

management. reduce standing water

common name for Moniezia expansa and Moniezia benedini (Giardia spp)

tapeworms

phylum/class of Moniezia spp

Platyhelminthes- cestoda

location of Moniezia spp

SI

what species does Moniezia spp affect?

cattle and sheep

life cycle of Moniezia spp

proglottids passed in feces, proglottids eaten by an Orbatid Mite (IH), orbatid mite eaten by DH

what is the IH of Moniezia spp

Orbatid mite

PPP of Moniezia spp

5-7 weeks

diagnosis of Moniezia spp

see proglottids in feces, see eggs in fecal float (love to float)

treatment of Moniezia spp

albendazole, praziquantel

common name for Fasciola hepatica

common liver fluke

phylum of Fasciola hepatica

trematode (most of time aquatic host)

location of Fasciola hepatica

found in the bile ducts, parasite is leaf shaped

what species does Fasciola hepatica affect?

sheep, cattle, goats, humans

life cycle of Fasciola hepatica

involves an aquatic host (snails), more commonly a problem in swampy areas

IH for Fasciola hepatica

snails

PPP for Fasciola hepatica

8-12 weeks

pathogenesis of Fasciola hepatica

cause “Black DZ”- Clostridium novyi (in cattle and sheep; bacteria infection)

diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica

ID fluke egg with a sediment, necropsy of liver

treatment for Fasciola hepatica

Clorsulon (benzensulfonamide; blocks the emden-myerhof glycolytics pathway- stop fluke from breaking down glucose= no ATP= dead parasite), albendazole (benzimidazole)

control for Fasciola hepatica

eliminate the IH, avoid wet pasture, **vaccinate for C. novyi- usually a combination vx

epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica

humans can be DH= aquatic IH

common name for Fascioloides magna

giant liver fluke

phylum of Fascioloides magna

trematode