Unit 3: Continuity and Change

Humanism

Intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and achievements.

Realism

Artistic style focused on depicting subjects as they are.

Perspective

Technique for creating depth in visual art.

Renaissance

Cultural revival in Europe from 14th to 17th century.

Reformation

16th-century movement for religious reform in Christianity.

Scientific Revolution

Period of advancements in scientific thought during 16th-17th centuries.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.

Moveable type

Printing technology allowing individual letters to be rearranged.

Literacy

Ability to read and write, increased during Renaissance.

Vellum

Fine parchment made from calfskin used for manuscripts.

Gutenberg Bible

First major book printed using moveable type in 1455.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press with moveable type.

Printing press

Machine that revolutionized book production and distribution.

Indulgences

Payments for the reduction of punishment for sins.

Christianity

Monotheistic religion based on the life of Jesus Christ.

Catholicism

Largest branch of Christianity, led by the Pope.

Protestantism

Branch of Christianity that arose from the Reformation.

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to relatives in appointments or jobs.

Simony

Buying or selling church offices or roles.

Patron

Wealthy supporter of the arts or scholarship.

Usury

Lending money at unreasonably high interest rates.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal independence and self-reliance.

Excommunication

Official exclusion from participation in church sacraments.