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Humanism
Intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and achievements.
Realism
Artistic style focused on depicting subjects as they are.
Perspective
Technique for creating depth in visual art.
Renaissance
Cultural revival in Europe from 14th to 17th century.
Reformation
16th-century movement for religious reform in Christianity.
Scientific Revolution
Period of advancements in scientific thought during 16th-17th centuries.
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.
Moveable type
Printing technology allowing individual letters to be rearranged.
Literacy
Ability to read and write, increased during Renaissance.
Vellum
Fine parchment made from calfskin used for manuscripts.
Gutenberg Bible
First major book printed using moveable type in 1455.
Johann Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press with moveable type.
Printing press
Machine that revolutionized book production and distribution.
Indulgences
Payments for the reduction of punishment for sins.
Christianity
Monotheistic religion based on the life of Jesus Christ.
Catholicism
Largest branch of Christianity, led by the Pope.
Protestantism
Branch of Christianity that arose from the Reformation.
Nepotism
Favoritism shown to relatives in appointments or jobs.
Simony
Buying or selling church offices or roles.
Patron
Wealthy supporter of the arts or scholarship.
Usury
Lending money at unreasonably high interest rates.
Individualism
Emphasis on personal independence and self-reliance.
Excommunication
Official exclusion from participation in church sacraments.
