Ch. 15: Renal System (OAT)

All of the following organs are involved in the excretory system EXCEPT for one.
A. Bladder
B. Kidneys
C. Skin
D. Stomach
E. Liver

Stomach

All of the following are functions of the excretory system EXCEPT one.

A. Regulate electrolyte levels in the body
B. Regulate the amount of water in the body

C. Ridding waste from the body

D. Transporting oxygen to tissues

E. Aid in maintaining blood pressure

Transporting oxygen to tissues

Which of the following structures allows urine to pass directly outside the body?
A. Renal artery
B. Urinary bladder
C. Renal vein
D. Urethra

E. Ureter

Urethra

The liver helps detoxify the body by converting blood pigment waste into ______.

A. Urea

B. Uric acid
C. Bilirubin
D. Ammonia
E. Bile salts

Bilirubin

Which structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A. Urethra

B. Renal artery

C. Renal vein

D. Ureter
E. Nephron

Ureter

Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Renal pelvis

B. Renal medulla
C. Renal cortex

D. Nephron

E. Loop of Henle

Nephron

Which of the following is the correct order of kidney structures from outermost to innermost?
A. Renal pelvis → Renal medulla → Renal cortex
B. Renal cortex → Renal pelvis → Renal medulla
C. Renal cortex → Renal medulla → Renal pelvis
D. Renal medulla → Renal cortex → Renal pelvis
E. Renal medulla → Renal pelvis → Renal cortex

Renal cortex → Renal medulla → Renal pelvis

In which portion of the kidney is the glomerulus located?
A. Collecting duct

B. Loop of Henle

C. Renal pelvis

D. Renal medulla

E. Renal cortex

Renal cortex

Which structure is responsible for carrying filtered blood away from the kidneys?

A. Ureter

B. Urethra
C. Nephron

D. Renal artery

E. Renal vein

Renal vein

Which of the following is the primary function of the renal pelvis?

A. Collecting urine produced by the kidney

B. Filtering blood

C. Transporting blood to the kidneys

D. Storing urine before excretion

E. Adjusting the composition of urine

Collecting urine produced by the kidney

What is the term for the fluid inside the kidney tubules?

A. Interstitial fluid

B. Urine

C. Filtrate
D. Intracellular fluid

E. Blood

Filtrate

When a substance, such as glucose, moves from the nephron back into the bloodstream, which of the following processes is occurring?

A. Secondary active transport

B. Secretion

C. Dilution

D. Excretion

E. Reabsorption

Reabsorption

What is the process when substances move directly from the bloodstream into the tubule without passing through the Bowman's capsule?

A. Osmosis

B. Excretion

C. Secretion

D. Filtration

E. Diastole

Secretion

Which of the following best describes excretion?

A. Substances exiting the bloodstream and into the filtrate

B. Substances moving from the tubules back into the bloodstream

C. Urine being physically released from the body

D. Urine moving from the kidney to the bladder for storage

E. The nephron actively transporting excess substances into the tubules

Urine being physically released from the body

What is the process in the kidney where substances move from the blood into the nephron through a selectively permeable membrane?

A. Secretion

B. Reabsorption

C. Excretion

D. Filtration

E. Diffusion

Filtration

Which two components make up the renal corpuscle?

A. Bowman’s capsule and loop of Henle

B. Proximal convoluted tubule and Bowman’s capsule

C. Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

D. Glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule

E. Collecting duct and loop of Henle

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Which of the following processes primarily facilitates filtration in the glomerulus?

A. Diffusion

B. Active transport

C. Oncotic pressure

D. Hydrostatic pressure

E. Lymphatic drainage

Hydrostatic pressure

All of the following must be crossed by a substance to enter the Bowman’s capsule EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Basement membrane

B. Podocytes

C. Tight junctions

D. Glomerular capillary wall

Tight junctions

All of the following substances are able to cross the glomerular filtration membrane into the Bowman's capsule EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Urea

B. Red blood cells

C. Electrolytes

D. Glucose

E. Amino acids

Red blood cells

Which of the following substances, if found in the urine, would most likely indicate kidney damage?

A. Urea

B. Amino acids

C. Potassium

D. Vitamin C

E. Sodium

Amino acids

Which of the following represents the correct order that filtrate flows through in the renal tubule?

A. Distal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Proximal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

B. Proximal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Distal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle

C. Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

D. Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Proximal convoluted tubule

E. Proximal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

As filtrate moves through the loop of Henle, it becomes __________ in the descending limb and __________ in the ascending limb.

A. More concentrated; more concentrated

B. Less concentrated; less concentrated

C. Less concentrated; more concentrated

D. More concentrated; less concentrated

E. Remains unchanged; less concentrated

More concentrated; less concentrated

If the vasa recta were damaged, which of the following processes would most likely be impaired?

A. The filtration of blood in the glomerulus

B. The ability to maintain an osmotic gradient

C. The reabsorption of water in the collecting duct

D. The reabsorption of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule

E. The reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule

The ability to maintain an osmotic gradient

Which part of the nephron contains sodium-chloride cotransporters that reabsorb sodium and chloride from the filtrate?

A. Collecting duct

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

C. Ascending loop of Henle

D. Descending loop of Henle

E. Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is an adaptation seen in desert animals that allows them to conserve water?

A. Increased permeability to water in the ascending loop of Henle

B. Decreased reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule

C. Longer loops of Henle

D. Few capillaries in the vasa recta

E. Larger fenestrations in the glomerular capillaries

Longer loops of Henle

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) within the nephron?

A. Increases water permeability in the descending loop of Henle

B. Increases the insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct

C. Diminishes sodium reabsorption in the nephron

D. Decreases reabsorption of water into the vasa recta

E. Converts into renin to activate angiotensinogen

Increases the insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct

Macula densa cells are located in the _________ and monitor _________.

A. Proximal convoluted tubule; glucose levels

B. Loop of Henle; potassium concentration

C. Collecting duct; water permeability

D. Distal convoluted tubule; sodium concentration

E. Afferent arteriole; water filtration rate

Distal convoluted tubule; sodium concentration

Which of the following directly converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A. ACE

B. Aldosterone

C. Renin

D. ADH

E. Angiotensinogin

ACE

What is the primary role of aldosterone in the nephron?

A. Promotes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

B. Increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the collecting duct

C. Stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells

D. Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

E. Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron

Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron

All of the following are functions of angiotensin II EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Increase ADH secretion

B. Promote sodium excretion in the urine

C. Stimulate arteriolar vasoconstriction

D. Increase aldosterone secretion

E. Stimulate thirst

Promote sodium excretion in the urine

Freshwater fish maintain osmotic balance by producing urine with which of the following compositions?

A. Very dilute urine with high concentrations of salts

B. Very dilute urine with low concentrations of salts

C. Very concentrated urine with low concentrations of salts

D. Very concentrated urine with high concentrations of salts

E. Urine that is isotonic to the environment

Very dilute urine with low concentrations of salts

What is the primary function of the urea cycle in the human body?

A. To produce ammonia for energy metabolism

B. To convert ammonia into urea for excretion

C. To generate ATP by breaking down urea

D. To synthesize amino acids from urea

E. To store nitrogen in the form of urea

To convert ammonia into urea for excretion

Which of the following processes helps marine fish maintain osmotic balance?

A. Producing large volumes of dilute urine

B. Actively uptaking salt through their gills

C. Conserving ions by excreting isotonic urine

D. Constantly drinking surrounding water

E. Converting ammonia into urea for excretion

Constantly drinking surrounding water

Reptiles excrete their nitrogenous waste primarily in which of the following forms?

A. Urea

B. Phosphate

C. Ammonia

D. Nitrate

E. Uric acid

Uric acid

Which of the following statements about ammonia is true?

A. Ammonia is converted into ammonium in the liver

B. Ammonia requires minimal water for excretion

C. Ammonia is converted into uric acid in mammals

D. Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism

E. Urea is converted into ammonia in aquatic animals

Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism