Unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism Identifications

The Magna Carta

Established in 1215; Parliament forced King John I to sign to stay in power with a large part of it dictating that the Parliament would control the purse strings of England

James I of England

Also known as James VI of Scotland; appointed to the throne of England after Elizabeth I died

Puritans

Believed that King James I would purify the Anglican Church

Hampton Court Conference

Puritan leaders met with King James to push their ideas and he rejected the majority of them; led to the commission of the King James Bible

Charles I of England

Ruled from 1625-1649; main goal was to rule without Parliament

The Petition of Rights

A Puritan-controlled Parliament made Charles I agree to these

Name three things the Petition of Rights said

1. No taxation without the permission of Parliament

2. No imprisonment without due cause (Habeas corpus)

3. No quartering soldiers in private home

Thomas Wentworth and Thorough

Was the chief advisor to Charles whose policy created a centralized efficient and powerful monarchy

The Star Chamber

A council that only the favorite nobles of Charles I were appointed to; was seen as a threat to Parliament and angry nobles

The Long Parliament

Lasted from 1640-1660; established that only Parliament could dissolve itself; Charles I tried to use this division to reassert power and arrest the Puritan leaders of Parliament but they escaped

Cavaliers

Supported King Charles I and Anglicanism during the English Civil War

Roundheads

Supported the Puritans and the parliamentary system during the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

Took over the Protestant army during the English Civil War and reformed it into the New Model Army

Parliamentary Sovereignty

Assertion of this protected the rights of the gentry of England from absolutism 

The Rump Parliament

Cromwell forcibly removed all lenient members of Parliament and forces them to revote concerning Charles I; Charles I is sentenced to death

Charles II of England

Ruled from 1660-1685; known as the “Merry Monarch” and pushed for religious toleration albeit favoring Roman Catholicism

The Test Act

Stated that any government officer including the King must denounce transubstantiation to take office 

James II of England

Ruled from 1685-1688; was unabashedly Roman Catholic

The Interregnum

Lasted from 1649-1660; Cromwell transformed England into a de facto dictatorship

The Restoration

Cromwell’s death leaves room for the Stuarts to return to power in the form of Charles II

William and Mary

Former was the Protestant daughter of James II first marriage; latter was a Dutchman a part of the House of Orange

The Glorious Revolution

William and Mary landed in England without opposition, assuming the throne after James II fled to France

The Act of Union (1707)

Queen Anne created Great Britain by merging Scottish crown with the English crown

George I

Of the House of Hanover; became King of Great Britain after Anne I’s death

Robert Walpole

The first Prime Minister of Great Britain who would eventually lead Parliament and help steer Great Britain through the transition of power

Mercantilism

Continued as European states followed mercantilist policies by drawing resources from colonies in the New World and elsewhere

Triangle of Trade

Expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries as demand for New World products increased

Louis XIII of France

Ruled France after Henry IV’s death; guided by Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu

Destroyed importance of Parlement; his death still left things in place for a powerful absolutist monarch in France

Intendant System

Middle class replaced nobility as government officials in the localities; were loyal to the crown for position and pay thus resulting in low levels of corruption

Raison D’état

Political reasoning simply of doing what is best for one’s nation; reason why France entered the Thirty Years’ War against the Roman Catholic 

Cardinal Mazarin

Guided Louis XIV; followed Richelieu as Chief Advisor 

Louis XIV

Was five when he received the throne; tamed his nobles by placing heavy emphasis on court presence and behavior 

The Fronde

Large scale revolts of all levels of society over centralist policies of two cardinals; psychologically tilted Louis XIV against the nobles forever

Parlements

Regional courts controlled by nobility

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Financial Minister who helped Louis XIV extend administrative, financial, and religious control over the state; developed the full system of mercantilism 

Versailles

Massive palace of Louis XIV; put France into debt

Jean Bodin

Was a strong proponent of one strong leader stating that “the king is and always should be the final source of legitimate authority in politics and law” 

Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

Argued that only God could judge kings and all citizens were bound to follow God’s leaders

Divine Right

The deification of Charles I resulted in many people not being able to let go of this concept

Balance of Power

Political/military concept of keeping hegemony among the major nations of Europe

The Military Revolution

Series of radical changes in military strategy and tactics during the 16th and 17th centuries that resulted in major lasting changes in governments and society 

The Dutch War

Louis XIV tried to invade the Spanish Netherlands again but failed; cemented the hatred between William of Orange and Louis XiV

Nine Year’s War

France invaded the free city of Strasbourg , prompting a new anti-French alliance

War of Spanish Succession

Charles II left the Spanish throne to Louis XIV’s grandson Phillip; Louis XIV stated upon his death Phillip would inherit the French throne, which violated any hope of balance of power 

Treaty of Utrecht 

Ended War of Spanish Succession; Phillip V could rule Spain but the crowns would never be united 

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 

Tried to expand the Swedish empire in the Thirty Year’s War but failed 

Charles XII of Sweden

Ordered Swedish troops to invade Russia in the winter after Russia’s attack; caused Swedish army to be decimated

The Great Northern War

Russia’s victory gave them a window to the west and solidified Peter the Great’s authority

Ivan IV of Russia

First Tsar of Russia who crushed Russia with a tyrannical rule

The Times of Trouble

Period of chaos for Russia that started after Ivan IV left no suitable heir 

The Romanovs

Rose to power after Mikhail Romanov was appointed Tsar at the end of the Times of Trouble

Name two threats to Romanov power.

Boyars and Streltsy

The Streltsy

Military guards of Moscow

The Table of Ranks

Peter the Great forced nobles to compete against each other for land and other honors depending on their ranking

Peter the Great

Won a succession battle against his sister with the aid of Streltsy

Russian Academy of Science

Was modeled on Western acadamies; Peter wanted to create Russian scholars

St. Petersburg

New westernized capital created by Peter the Great for Russia; forced nobles to move there or lose ranking

Liberum Veto

Polish nobles controlled the legislature and required unanimous consent to pass any law; created an extraordinarily weak nation

Battle of Vienna (1683)

Austrians defeated Ottomans; the latter ceased their westward expansion and began their slow decline