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Aim
The purpose or objective of an experiment.
Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the true value.
Beaker
A container used to hold, mix, or heat substances in a lab.
Biology
The scientific study of living organisms and life processes.
Bunsen Burner
A small adjustable gas burner used in labs for heating, sterilisation, and combustion.
Control Variable
A factor that is kept constant in an experiment to ensure fair testing.
Dependent Variable
The variable being tested or measured in an experiment.
Equipment
Tools and materials used for scientific experiments.
Fair Test
An experiment where only one variable is changed at a time to ensure reliable results.
Hypothesis
A prediction or educated guess about the outcome of an experiment.
Method
A step-by-step procedure for conducting an experiment.
Observations
Information gathered by using the senses during an experiment.
Results
Data collected from an experiment.
Validity
How well an experiment measures what it is intended to measure.
Atom
The smallest unit of a chemical element.
Chemical Reactions
Processes where reactants turn into products.
Mass Number
Number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus.
Acids
Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.
Reflection
Light bouncing off surfaces; follows the Law of Reflection.
Cell Theory
All living organisms are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life.
Planets
The Sun is orbited by eight planets, each with unique characteristics.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.
Combustion
A chemical reaction where a fuel reacts with oxygen to release energy.
Stage
This is a flat surface where the slide containing the specimen is placed
Base
supports the microscope
Course focus knob
Used to focus the image to bring the specimen into rough focus
Switch
This switches the light power on and off
Arm
This is used to carry the microscope
Do these if your doing an experiment
-Correctly looking into the microscope
-Standing up when conducting an experiment
-Follow instructions and procedures
-Washing experiment after use
-Observe the experiment
-Safety glasses worn
Dont do if conducting an experiment
-Laying down
-Sitting down
-Throwing rubbish recklessly
-Tasting the chemicals
How to prepare a slide
Pipette a drop of water onto slide
Use tweezers to place a thin section of specimen on top of droplet.
Add a drop of iodine
Add a cover slip - remove bubbles
Magnification equation
magnification = image size/actual size
How to prepare a plant
Fill container with potting mix up
Tap the container gently on the ground to settle and even the mix
Add a seed and press it into the container by 1cm
water lightly
Place in a warm place with natural light
Water lightly and naturally
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell where most of the reactions take place
Cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Chloroplasm
Contains chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
Vacoules
Store water and nutrients in the cell
Ovary
produces eggs
Style
The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
Petal
A colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.
Sepal
A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower.
Nectary
Produces a sugary solution called nectar, which attracts insects for pollination
Stamen
male reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and a filament
Anther
the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.
Filament
Supports the anther
Carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Stigma
A sticky surface that receives pollen during pollination
Differences between a plant and an animal cell
-Cell wall
-Chloroplasts
-Chloroplasm
-Large vacuole
Animal
-Golgi body
Similarities
-Nucleus
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
Pollination
Self pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant
Cross pollination
pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower or plant.
Fertilisation
Fusing of a male gamete (pollen) with a female gamete (ovules).
Why do seeds need to move away
-For light (Photosynthesis)
-Nutrients (for growth)
-Space (to occupy)
-water (photosynthesis)
4 methods of seed dispersal
Wind, animal, water, explosive
sexual reproduction
Two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring
A-sexual reproduction
The generation of offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent
What are 3 things needed to occur photosynthesis in plants?
Water, Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide
Word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water --sunlight> glucose + oxygen
3 states of matter are
solid, liquid, gas
What are some similarities in matter
Liquid and gasses don't have a fixed shape
Liquid and solids have volume
Liquid and solids have volume
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Atom Shell
the space around the nucleus
where electrons live
high and low energy levels
Electron configuration
2,8,8,2
Nucleus
Center of an atom (holds protons and neutrons)
Valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
Proton
positively charged particle
neutron
A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge
Electron
negatively charged particle
Why do atoms want to lose or gain electrons?
Atoms like to have a full outer shell, this increases their stability. Requires a chemical reaction in order to gain an electron
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Elements of Group 1 are ____________.
Highly reactive
Elements in group 18 are ______
Non reactive
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Physical change
a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
Chemical change
A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties.
Reactants
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Combustion
the process of burning something
Flame
The bright, glowing gas we see when something burns.
Word equation for incomplete combustion with no oxygen
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon + water
Word equation for complete combustion with plenty oxygen
hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
Fire triangle
fuel, oxygen, heat
Word equation for incomplete combustion with little oxygen
Hydrocarbon + oxygen--> carbon monoxide + water
Testing a leaf for starch
Submerge leaf in boiling water to destroy membrane
Put the leaf into test tube of ethanol to dissolve chlorophyll
Wash leaf in cold water to rehydrate
Put drops of iodine solution on leaf
Properties of light
Light travels in straight lines
Light can be reflected
Light can bend
Light is a form of energy
Energy
the ability to do work
Photons
particles of light
State the law of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
What are all of the types of energy?
Nuclear, Thermal, Light, Electric, Kinetic, chemical potential, Elastic, Mechanical.
Energy is measured in
Joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ) 1kj=1000j
opaque
not letting light through; not clear or lucid; dense, stupid
Transparent
allowing light to pass through; easily recognized or understood; easily seen through or detected
Translucent
Permitting light to pass through, but not transparent
