Introduction to Chemistry

10^6

Mega (M)

10^3

Kilo (k)

10^-1

Deci (d)

10^-2

Centi (c)

10^-12

Pico (p)

10^-15

Femto (f)

Coulomb (unit of charge)

C

naming anion ending in -ate

--ic acid

Salts

contain anions and cations

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

composed of two identical atoms (ex:N2)

Ionic Compounds

made of ions

- metal cations and non-metal anions exhibit electrostatic interactions

- charges balance

Noble Gases - charge

do not lose or gain electrons

Halogens - charge

gain 1 electron

- become anions

- charge of -1

Chalcogens - charge

gain 2 electrons

- charge of -2

Group 14 and 15 - charge

adopt various charges

Group 13 - charge

lose 3 electrons

- charge of +3

Alkaline Earth Metals - charges

lose 2 electrons

- charge of +2

Alkali Metals - charge

lose 1 electron

- become cations

- charge of +1

Metals - charge

lose electrons

- become cations

Molecular Mass

Sum of the average atomic masses of all the elements in the molecular formula

- in amu

10

Deca

Kelvin (unit of temperature)

K

Oxi-anions (remove one O2)

suffix -ous

Oxi-anions (remove two O2)

prefix hypo-

suffix -ous

Oxi-anion (add one O2)

prefix per-

naming anion ending in -ide

Hydro--ic acid

naming anion ending in -ite

--ous acid

Bronsted Acid

dissociates into H+ and anion in water

Hydrated Salts

water molecules get trapped in the spaces between the lattice

- amount of water per formula unit can be quantified

Naming Polyatomic Ions (remove one O2)

suffix -ite

Naming Compounds containing only non-metals or metalloids

named with a prefix referring to the number of a particular kind of element (mono, di...)

non-metals - charge

gain electrons

- become anions

Finding Empirical Formula

- find the mass percent then convert to elemental mass

- covert all the masses to moles

- find the element with the least moles and use it to form ratios with the rest

- these ratios give the empir

Avagadros Number

6.022x10^-23

- one mole

Pascal (unit of pressure)

Pa

Naming Polyatomic Ions (add one O2)

prefix per-

Naming Salts (groups 1,2,13-18)

- start with the name of the metal

- add the name of the non-metal with the suffix changed to -ide

10^12

Tera (T)

10^9

Giga (g)

10^-3

Milli (m)

10^-6

Micro (μ)

10^-9

Nano (n)

Inorganic Acids

molecular compounds that have some ability to ionize when dissolved in water

Hydrated Salts - Heated

when heated, water molecules can escape the lattice and make an anhydrous salt (dry salt)

Ionic Lattice

ionic solids form from a solution resulting in crystalline solids

- 3D array of repeating anions and cations

Naming Polyatomic Ions (remove two O2)

prefix hypo-

suffix -ite

Molecule

smallest unit of a molecular compound

- comprised of 2 or more non-metal elements bonded together

- can be single elements or many different atoms

Nitrides and Phosphides - charge

-3 charge